Therapeutic agents useful for treating pain

ABSTRACT

Compounds of formulae:  
                 
 
where Ar 1 , Ar 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and m are disclosed herein, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (a “Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound”); compositions comprising an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound; and methods for treating or preventing pain and other conditions in an animal comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound are disclosed.

This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/533,037, filed Dec. 30, 2003, and International patent application no. PCT/US2004/042732, filed Dec. 17, 2004, the disclosure of each application being incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

1. FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds, compositions comprising an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound and methods for treating or preventing a condition, such as pain, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound.

2. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Pain is the most common symptom for which patients seek medical advice and treatment. Pain can be acute or chronic. While acute pain is usually self-limited, chronic pain persists for 3 months or longer and can lead to significant changes in a patient's personality, lifestyle, functional ability and overall quality of life (K. M. Foley, Pain, in Cecil Textbook of Medicine 100-107 (J. C. Bennett and F. Plum eds., 20th ed. 1996)).

Moreover, chronic pain can be classified as either nociceptive or neuropathic. Nociceptive pain includes tissue injury-induced pain and inflammatory pain such as that associated with arthritis. Neuropathic pain is caused by damage to the peripheral or cental nervous system and is maintained by aberrant somatosensory processing. There is a large body of evidence relating activity at both Group I mGluRs (mGluR1 and mGluR5) (M. E. Fundytus, CNS Drugs 15:29-58 (2001)) and vanilloid receptors (VR1) (V. Di Marzo et al., Current Opinion in Neurobiology 12:372-379 (2002)) to pain processing. Inhibiting mGluR1 or mGluR5 reduces pain, as shown by in vivo treatment with antibodies selective for either mGluR1 or mGluR5, where neuropathic pain in rats was attenuated (M. E. Fundytus et al., NeuroReport 9:731-735 (1998)). It has also been shown that antisense oligonucleotide knockdown of mGluR1 alleviates both neuropathic and inflammatory pain (M. E. Fundytus et al., British Journal of Pharmacology 132:354-367 (2001); M. E. Fundytus et al., Pharmacology, Biochemistry & Behavior 73:401-410 (2002)). Small molecule antagonists for mGluR5-attenuated pain in in vivo animal models are disclosed in, e.g., K. Walker et al., Neuropharmacology 40:1-9 (2000) and A. Dogrul et al., Neuroscience Letters 292:115-118 (2000)).

Nociceptive pain has been traditionally managed by administering non-opioid analgesics, such as acetylsalicylic acid, choline magnesium trisalicylate, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, fenoprofen, diflusinal, and naproxen; or opioid analgesics, including morphine, hydromorphone, methadone, levorphanol, fentanyl, oxycodone, and oxymorphone. Id. In addition to the above-listed treatments, neuropathic pain, which can be difficult to treat, has also been treated with anti-epileptics (e.g., gabapentin, carbamazepine, valproic acid, topiramate, phenyloin), NMDA antagonists (e.g., ketamine, dextromethorphan), topical lidocaine (for post-herpetic neuralgia), and tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., fluoxetine, sertraline and amitriptyline).

Urinary incontinence (UI) is uncontrollable urination, generally caused by bladder-detrusor-muscle instability. UI affects people of all ages and levels of physical health, both in health care settings and in the community at large. Physiologic bladder contraction results in large part from acetylcholine-induced stimulation of post-ganglionic muscarinic-receptor sites on bladder smooth muscle. Treatments for UI include the administration of drugs having bladder-relaxant properties, which help to control bladder-detrusor-muscle overactivity. For example, anticholinergics such as propantheline bromide and glycopyrrolate, and combinations of smooth-muscle relaxants such as a combination of racemic oxybutynin and dicyclomine or an anticholinergic, have been used to treat UI (See, e.g., A. J. Wein, Urol. Clin. N. Am. 22:557-577 (1995); Levin et al., J. Urol. 128:396-398 (1982); Cooke et al., S. Afr. Med. J. 63:3 (1983); R. K. Mirakhur et al., Anaesthesia 38:1195-1204 (1983)). These drugs are not effective, however, in all patients having uninhibited bladder contractions. Administration of anticholinergic medications represent the mainstay of this type of treatment.

None of the existing commercial drug treatments for UI, however, has achieved complete success in all classes of UI patients, nor has treatment occurred without significant adverse side effects. For example, drowsiness, dry mouth, constipation, blurred vision, headaches, tachycardia, and cardiac arrhythmia, which are related to the anticholinergic activity of traditional anti-UI drugs, can occur frequently and adversely affect patient compliance. Yet despite the prevalence of unwanted anticholinergic effects in many patients, anticholinergic drugs are currently prescribed for patients having UI. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 631-634 (R. Berkow ed., 1997).

About 1 in 10 people develop an ulcer. Ulcers develop as a result of an imbalance between acid-secretory factors, also known as “aggressive factors,” such as stomach acid, pepsin, and Helicobacter pylori infection, and local mucosal-protective factors, such as secretion of bicarbonate, mucus, and prostaglandins.

Treatment of ulcers typically involves reducing or inhibiting the aggressive factors. For example, antacids such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium bicarbonate can be used to neutralize stomach acids. Antacids, however, can cause alkalosis, leading to nausea, headache, and weakness. Antacids can also interfere with the absorption of other drugs into the blood stream and cause diarrhea.

H₂ antagonists, such as cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine, are also used to treat ulcers. H₂ antagonists promote ulcer healing by reducing gastric acid and digestive-enzyme secretion elicited by histamine and other H₂ agonists in the stomach and duodenum. H₂ antagonists, however, can cause breast enlargement and impotence in men, mental changes (especially in the elderly), headache, dizziness, nausea, myalgia, diarrhea, rash, and fever.

H⁺, K⁺-ATPase inhibitors such as omeprazole and lansoprazole are also used to treat ulcers. H⁺, K⁺-ATPase inhibitors inhibit the production of enzymes used by the stomach to secrete acid. Side effects associated with H⁺, K⁺-ATPase inhibitors include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal colic, headache, dizziness, somnolence, skin rashes, and transient elevations of plasma activities of aminotransferases.

Sucraflate is also used to treat ulcers. Sucraflate adheres to epithelial cells and is believed to form a protective coating at the base of an ulcer to promote healing. Sucraflate, however, can cause constipation, dry mouth, and interfere with the absorption of other drugs.

Antibiotics are used when Helicobacter pylori is the underlying cause of the ulcer. Often antibiotic therapy is coupled with the administration of bismuth compounds such as bismuth subsalicylate and colloidal bismuth citrate. The bismuth compounds are believed to enhance secretion of mucous and HCO₃ ⁻, inhibit pepsin activity, and act as an antibacterial against H. pylori. Ingestion of bismuth compounds, however, can lead to elevated plasma concentrations of Bi⁺³ and can interfere with the absorption of other drugs.

Prostaglandin analogues, such as misoprostal, inhibit secretion of acid and stimulate the secretion of mucous and bicarbonate and are also used to treat ulcers, especially ulcers in patients who require nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Effective oral doses of prostaglandin analogues, however, can cause diarrhea and abdominal cramping. In addition, some prostaglandin analogues are abortifacients.

Carbenoxolone, a mineral corticoid, can also be used to treat ulcers. Carbenoxolone appears to alter the composition and quantity of mucous, thereby enhancing the mucosal barrier. Carbenoxolone, however, can lead to Na⁺ and fluid retention, hypertension, hypokalemia, and impaired glucose tolerance.

Muscarinic cholinergic antagonists such as pirenzapine and telenzapine can also be used to reduce acid secretion and treat ulcers. Side effects of muscarinic cholinergic antagonists include dry mouth, blurred vision, and constipation. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 496-500 (R. Berkow ed., 1997) and Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 901-915 (J. Hardman and L. Limbird eds., 9^(th) ed. 1996).

Inflammatory-bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic disorder in which the bowel becomes inflamed, often causing recurring abdominal cramps and diarrhea. The two types of IBD are Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

Crohn's disease, which can include regional enteritis, granulomatous ileitis, and ileocolitis, is a chronic inflammation of the intestinal wall. Crohn's disease occurs equally in both sexes and is more common in Jews of eastern-European ancestry. Most cases of Crohn's disease begin before age 30 and the majority start between the ages of 14 and 24. The disease typically affects the full thickness of the intestinal wall. Generally the disease affects the lowest portion of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine, but can occur in any part of the digestive tract.

Early symptoms of Crohn's disease are chronic diarrhea, crampy abdominal pain, fever, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Complications associated with Crohn's disease include the development of intestinal obstructions, abnormal connecting channels (fistulas), and abscesses. The risk of cancer of the large intestine is increased in people who have Crohn's disease. Often Crohn's disease is associated with other disorders such as gallstones, inadequate absorption of nutrients, amyloidosis, arthritis, episcleritis, aphthous stomatitis, erythema nodosum, pyoderma gangrenosum, ankylosing spondylitis, sacroilitis, uveitis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis. There is no known cure for Crohn's disease.

Cramps and diarrhea, side effects associated with Crohn's disease, can be relieved by anticholinergic drugs, diphenoxylate, loperamide, deodorized opium tincture, or codeine. Generally, the drug is taken orally before a meal.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are often administered to treat the symptoms of Crohn's disease. The antibiotic metronidazole is often administered when the disease affects the large intestine or causes abscesses and fistulas around the anus. Long-term use of metronidazole, however, can damage nerves, resulting in pins-and-needles sensations in the arms and legs. Sulfasalazine and chemically related drugs can suppress mild inflammation, especially in the large intestine. These drugs, however, are less effective in sudden, severe flare-ups. Corticosteroids, such as prednisone, reduce fever and diarrhea and relieve abdominal pain and tenderness. Long-term corticosteroid therapy, however, invariably results in serious side effects such as high blood-sugar levels, increased risk of infection, osteoporosis, water retention, and fragility of the skin. Drugs such as azathioprine and mercaptourine can compromise the immune system and are often effective for Crohn's disease in patients that do not respond to other drugs. These drugs, however, usually need 3 to 6 months before they produce benefits and can cause serious side effects such as allergy, pancreatitis, and low white-blood-cell count.

When Crohn's disease causes the intestine to be obstructed or when abscesses or fistulas do not heal, surgery can be necessary to remove diseased sections of the intestine. Surgery, however, does not cure the disease, and inflammation tends to recur where the intestine is rejoined. In almost half of the cases a second operation is needed. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 528-530 (R. Berkow ed., 1997).

Ulcerative colitis is a chronic disease in which the large intestine becomes inflamed and ulcerated, leading to episodes of bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and fever. Ulcerative colitis usually begins between ages 15 and 30, however, a small group of people have their first attack between ages 50 and 70. Unlike Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis never affects the small intestine and does not affect the full thickness of the intestine. The disease usually begins in the rectum and the sigmoid colon and eventually spreads partially or completely through out the large intestine. The cause of ulcerative colitis is unknown. Treatment of ulcerative colitis is directed to controlling inflammation, reducing symptoms, and replacing lost fluids and nutrients.

Irritable-bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disorder of motility of the entire gastrointestinal tract, causing abdominal pain, constipation, and/or diarrhea. IBS affects three-times more women than men.

There are two major types of IBS. The first type, spastic-colon type, is commonly triggered by eating, and usually produces periodic constipation and diarrhea with pain. Mucous often appears in the stool. The pain can come in bouts of continuous dull aching pain or cramps, usually in the lower abdomen. The person suffering from spastic-colon type IBS can also experience bloating, gas, nausea, headache, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and difficulty concentrating. The second type of IBS usually produces painless diarrhea or constipation. The diarrhea can begin suddenly and with extreme urgency. Often the diarrhea occurs soon after a meal and can sometimes occur immediately upon awakening.

Treatment of IBS typically involves modification of an IBS-patient's diet. Often it is recommended that an IBS patient avoid beans, cabbage, sorbitol, and fructose. A low-fat, high-fiber diet can also help some IBS patients. Regular physical activity can also help keep the gastrointestinal tract functioning properly. Drugs such as propantheline that slow the function of the gastrointestinal tract are generally not effective for treating IBS. Antidiarrheal drugs, such as diphenoxylate and loperamide, help with diarrhea. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 525-526 (R. Berkow ed., 1997).

Certain pharmaceutical agents have been administered for treating addiction. U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,838 to Mayer et al. discloses the use of nontoxic NMDA-blocking agents co-administered with an addictive substance to prevent the development of tolerance or withdrawal symptoms. U.S. Pat. No. 5,574,052 to Rose et al. discloses co-administration of an addictive substance with an antagonist to partially block the pharmacological effects of the substance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,341 to Mendelson et al. discloses the use of a mixed opiate agonist/antagonist to treat cocaine and opiate addiction. U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,934 to Downs discloses administration of 3-phenoxypyridine to treat addiction. U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,039,680 and 5,198,459 to Imperato et al. disclose using a serotonin antagonist to treat chemical addiction. U.S. Pat. No. 5,556,837 to Nestler et. al. discloses infusing BDNF or NT-4 growth factors to inhibit or reverse neurological adaptive changes that correlate with behavioral changes in an addicted individual. U.S. Pat. No. 5,762,925 to Sagan discloses implanting encapsulated adrenal medullary cells into an animal's central nervous system to inhibit the development of opioid intolerance. U.S. Pat. No. 6,204,284 to Beer et al. discloses racemic (±)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane for use in the prevention or relief of a withdrawal syndrome resulting from addiction to drugs and for the treatment of chemical dependencies.

Without treatment, Parkinson's disease progresses to a rigid akinetic state in which patients are incapable of caring for themselves. Death frequently results from complications of immobility, including aspiration pneumonia or pulmonary embolism. Drugs commonly used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease include carbidopa/levodopa, pergolide, bromocriptine, selegiline, amantadine, and trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride. There remains, however, a need for drugs useful for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and having an improved therapeutic profile.

Anxiety is a fear, apprehension, or dread of impending danger often accompanied by restlessness, tension, tachycardia, and dyspnea. Currently, benzodiazepines are the most commonly used anti-anxiety agents for generalized anxiety disorder. Benzodiazepines, however, carry the risk of producing impairment of cognition and skilled motor functions, particularly in the elderly, which can result in confusion, delerium, and falls with fractures. Sedatives are also commonly prescribed for treating anxiety. The azapirones, such as buspirone, are also used to treat moderate anxiety. The azapirones, however, are less useful for treating severe anxiety accompanied with panic attacks.

Epilepsy is a disorder characterized by the tendency to have recurring seizures. Examples of drugs for treating a seizure and epilepsy include carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrignine, phenobarbital, phenyloin, primidone, valproic acid, trimethadione, bemzodiaepines, gabapentin, lamotrigine, γ-vinyl GABA, acetazolamide, and felbamate. Anti-seizure drugs, however, can have side effects such as drowsiness; hyperactivity; hallucinations; inability to concentrate; central and peripheral nervous system toxicity, such as nystagmus, ataxia, diplopia, and vertigo; gingival hyperplasia; gastrointestinal disturbances such as nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, and anorexia; endocrine effects such as inhibition of antidiuretic hormone, hyperglycemia, glycosuria, osteomalacia; and hypersensitivity such as scarlatiniform rash, morbilliform rash, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus, and hepatic necrosis; and hematological reactions such as red-cell aplasia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, aplastic anemia, and megaloblastic anemia. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 345-350 (R. Berkow ed., 1997).

Symptoms of strokes vary depending on what part of the brain is affected. Symptoms include loss or abnormal sensations in an arm or leg or one side of the body, weakness or paralysis of an arm or leg or one side of the body, partial loss of vision or hearing, double vision, dizziness, slurred speech, difficulty in thinking of the appropriate word or saying it, inability to recognize parts of the body, unusual movements, loss of bladder control, imbalance, and falling, and fainting. The symptoms can be permanent and can be associated with coma or stupor. Examples of drugs for treating strokes include anticoagulants such as heparin, drugs that break up clots such as streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator, and drugs that reduce swelling such as mannitol or corticosteroids. The Merck Manual of Medical Information 352-355 (R. Berkow ed., 1997).

Pruritus is an unpleasant sensation that prompts scratching. Conventionally, pruritus is treated by phototherapy with ultraviolet B or PUVA or with therapeutic agents such as naltrexone, nalmefene, danazol, tricyclics, and antidepressants.

Selective antagonists of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (“mGluR5”) have been shown to exert analgesic activity in in vivo animal models (K. Walker et al., Neuropharmacology 40:1-9 (2000) and A. Dogrul et al., Neuroscience Letters, 292(2):115-118 (2000)).

Selective antagonists of the mGluR5 receptor have also been shown to exert anxiolytic and anti-depressant activity in in vivo animal models (E. Tatarczynska et al., Br. J. Pharmacol. 132(7):1423-1430 (2001) and P. J. M. Will et al., Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 22(7):331-37 (2001)).

Selective antagonists of the mGluR5 receptor have also been shown to exert anti-Parkinson activity in vivo (K. J. Ossowska et al., Neuropharmacology 41(4):413-20 (2001) and P. J. M. Will et al., Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 22(7):331-37 (2001)).

Selective antagonists of the mGluR5 receptor have also been shown to exert anti-dependence activity in vivo (C. Chiamulera et al., Nature Neuroscience (9):873-74 (2001)).

There remains, however, a clear need in the art for new drugs useful for treating or preventing pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, IBS, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, a seizure, a pruritic condition, psychosis, a cognitive disorder, a memory deficit, restricted brain function, Huntington's chorea, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (“ALS”), dementia, retinopathy, a muscle spasm, a migraine, vomiting, dyskinesia, or depression.

Citation of any reference in Section 2 of this application is not to be construed as an admission that such reference is prior art to the present application.

3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention encompasses compounds of formula (I):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where:

Ar₁ is

Ar₂ is

R₁ is —H, -halo, —CH₃, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, —OCH₃, —NH₂, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each R₂ is independently:

(a) -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂;

(b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or

(c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

each R₃ is independently:

(a) -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂;

(b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or

(c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

R₄ is —H, —CN, —C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or —C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl);

each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each R₈ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;

m is an integer ranging from 0 to 2;

n is an integer ranging from 0 to 3;

p is an integer ranging from 0 to 2;

q is an integer ranging from 0 to 6;

r is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; and

s is an integer ranging from 0 to 4.

The invention further encompasses compounds of formula (II):

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where:

Ar₁ is

R₁ is —H, -halo, —CH₃, —CN, —NO₂, —OH, —OCH₃, —NH₂, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each R₂ is independently:

(a) -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂;

(b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or

(c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

each R₃ is independently:

(a) -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂;

(b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or

(c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups;

R₄ is —H, —CN, —C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or —C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl);

each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo);

each R₉ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇;

each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I;

m is an integer ranging from 0 to 2;

n is an integer ranging from 0 to 3;

p is an integer ranging from 0 to 2;

q is an integer ranging from 0 to 6;

r is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; and

s is an integer ranging from 0 to 4.

A compound of formula (I) or (II) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (a “Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound”) is useful for treating or preventing pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, IBS, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, a seizure, a pruritic condition, psychosis, a cognitive disorder, a memory deficit, restricted brain function, Huntington's chorea, ALS, dementia, retinopathy, a muscle spasm, a migraine, vomiting, dyskinesia, or depression (each being a “Condition”) in an animal.

The invention also relates to compositions comprising an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. The compositions are useful for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal.

The invention further relates to methods for treating a Condition, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound.

The invention further relates to methods for preventing a Condition, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound.

The invention still further relates to methods for inhibiting Vanilloid Receptor 1 (“VR1”) function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing VR1 with an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound.

The invention still further relates to methods for inhibiting mGluR5 function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing mGluR5 with an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound.

The invention still further relates to methods for inhibiting metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (“mGluR1”) function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing mGluR1 with an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound.

The invention still further relates to methods for preparing a composition, comprising the step of admixing a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

The invention still further relates to a kit comprising a container containing an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound.

The present invention can be understood more fully by reference to the following detailed description and illustrative examples, which are intended to exemplify non-limiting embodiments of the invention.

4. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION 4.1 Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I)

As stated above, the present invention encompasses Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (I)

where Ar₁, Ar₂, R₃, R₄, and m are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (I).

In one embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group.

In another embodiment Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, m is 0.

In another embodiment, m is 1.

In another embodiment, m is 2.

In another embodiment, n is 0.

In another embodiment, n is 1.

In another embodiment, n is 2.

In another embodiment, n is 3.

In another embodiment, p is 0.

In another embodiment, p is 1.

In another embodiment, p is 2.

In another embodiment, r is 0.

In another embodiment, r is 1.

In another embodiment, r is 2.

In another embodiment, r is 3.

In another embodiment, r is 4.

In another embodiment, r is 5.

In another embodiment, q is 0.

In another embodiment, q is 1.

In another embodiment, q is 2.

In another embodiment, q is 3.

In another embodiment, q is 4.

In another embodiment, q is 5.

In another embodiment, q is 6.

In another embodiment, s is 0.

In another embodiment, s is 1.

In another embodiment, s is 2.

In another embodiment, s is 3.

In another embodiment, s is 4.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₁ is -halo.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Br.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —I.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CN.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NO₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OH.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NH₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —C(halo)₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH(halo)₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₂(halo).

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CF₃.

In another embodiment, n or p is 1 and R₂ is -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂.

In another embodiment, n or p is 1 and R₂ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, n or p is 1 and R₂ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂;

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -halo.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —CB.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —Br.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —I.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CN.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

In another embodiment, R₂ is or —C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group and s is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group and s is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group and s is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and s is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and s is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and r is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and q is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and r is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and r is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and r is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Art is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Art is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Art is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Art is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₉ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Art is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Art is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Art is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Art is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Art is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Art is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

4.2 Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (II)

The present invention further encompasses Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (II)

where Ar₁, Ar₂, R₃, R₄, and m are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (II).

In one embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group.

In another embodiment Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group.

In another embodiment, Art is a pyridazinyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, m is 0.

In another embodiment, m is 1.

In another embodiment, m is 2.

In another embodiment, n is 0.

In another embodiment, n is 1.

In another embodiment, n is 2.

In another embodiment, n is 3.

In another embodiment, p is 0.

In another embodiment, p is 1.

In another embodiment, p is 2.

In another embodiment, r is 0.

In another embodiment, r is 1.

In another embodiment, r is 2.

In another embodiment, r is 3.

In another embodiment, r is 4.

In another embodiment, r is 5.

In another embodiment, q is 0.

In another embodiment, q is 1.

In another embodiment, q is 2.

In another embodiment, q is 3.

In another embodiment, q is 4.

In another embodiment, q is 5.

In another embodiment, q is 6.

In another embodiment, s is 0.

In another embodiment, s is 1.

In another embodiment, s is 2.

In another embodiment, s is 3.

In another embodiment, s is 4.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₁ is -halo.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —Br.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —I.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CN.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NO₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OH.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —OCH₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —NH₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH(halo)₃.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH(halo)₂.

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CH₂(halo).

In another embodiment, R₁ is —CF₃.

In another embodiment, n or p is 1 and R₂ is -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂.

In another embodiment, n or p is 1 and R₂ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, n or p is 1 and R₂ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂;

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and the carbon atom to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is -halo.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —Cl.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —Br.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —I.

In another embodiment, m is 1 and R₃ is —F.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —H.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —CN.

In another embodiment, R₄ is —C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl.

In another embodiment, R₄ is or —C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl).

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group and s is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group and s is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group and s is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and s is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and s is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and r is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and q is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and r is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and r is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₂ is

and r is 1.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 0, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 0, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyrimidinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Art is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a pyridazinyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzothiazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzooxazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is a benzoimidazolyl group.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, and Ar₂ is

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is a tert-butyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group. In another embodiment, the —(C₁-C₆)alkyl is an iso-propyl group and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the —CF₃ is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

In another embodiment, Ar₁ is a thiadiazolyl group, r is 1, m is 1, R₃ is —CH₃, Ar₂ is

and R₈ is -halo. In another embodiment, the -halo is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl. In another embodiment, -halo is —Cl and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br. In another embodiment, -halo is —Br and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —I. In another embodiment, -halo is —I and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position. In another embodiment, -halo is —F. In another embodiment, -halo is —F and is substituted at the phenyl group's para-position.

4.3 Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I) and (II)

Certain Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can have asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different enantiomeric and diastereomic forms. This invention relates to the use of all optical isomers and stereoisomers of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds, and mixtures thereof, and to all pharmaceutical compositions and methods of treatment that may employ or contain them.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds have a double bond to which is bonded an R₄ group and AR₂—NH— group, each of which can be cis or trans relative to the other. Accordingly, the present invention encompasses Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds in which the R₄ group and the Ar₂—NH— group are cis relative to each other, Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds in which the R₄ group and the Ar₂—NH— group are trans relative to each other, and all mixtures thereof. Formula (I) and (II) are intended to encompass: (i) Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds in which the R₄ group and the Ar₂—NH— group are trans relative to each other, (ii) Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds in which the R₄ group and the Ar₂—NH— group are cis relative to each other, and (iii) all mixtures thereof.

In the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds each R₃ can be attached to any carbon of the piperazine ring. In one embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds have only one R₃ group, i.e., m=1, and that R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, and that R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group.

In another embodiment, two R₃ groups are attached to a single carbon atom of the piperazine ring. In another embodiment, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group and another R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group.

In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has two R₃ groups, i.e., m=2, each being attached to a different carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has two R₃ groups, each being attached to a different carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group.

In one embodiment, where the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, a carbon atom to which an R₃ group is attached has the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, where the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, a carbon atom to which the R₃ group is attached has the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, and at least one of the carbon atoms to which an R₃ group is attached has the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, and at least one of the carbon atoms to which an R₃ group is attached has the (S) configuration.

In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has one or two R₃ groups, an R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the pyridyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or thiadiazolyl group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, and the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —(C₁-C₄)alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with one or more halo groups. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (S) configuration, and R₃ is —CF₃. In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound has only one R₃ group, the R₃ group is attached to a carbon atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom attached to the —C(NHAr₂)═C(CN)(R₄) group or —C(NHAr₂)═C(NO₂)(R₄) group, the carbon to which the R₃ group is attached is in the (R) configuration, and R₃ is —CH₂CH₃.

The bonds represented by a

line in the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine compounds of Formula (I) and Formula (II) mean that the R₄ group and the Ar₂—NH— group can be cis relative to each other, trans relative to each other, or a mixture of the cis- and trans-isomers.

4.4 Illustrative Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds

Illustrative Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds are listed below in Tables 1-7.

For the chemical structure depicted, e.g., at the head of each of Tables 1-7, a is independently 0 or 1. When a=0, the group at the “a” position is —H. When a=1, the group at the “a” position (R_(8a)) is other than —H, i.e., is R₈. TABLE 1 (III)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where: Compound Ar₁ R_(8a) A1 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butyl A2 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-butyl A3 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -sec-butyl A4 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -cyclohexyl A5 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butoxy A6 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propoxy A7 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —CF₃ A8 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —OCF₃ A9 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Cl A10 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Br A11 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —I A12 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-butyl A13 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-propyl A14 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propyl A15 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butyl A16 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-butyl A17 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -sec-butyl A18 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -cyclohexyl A19 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butoxy A20 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propoxy A21 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —CF₃ A22 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —OCF₃ A23 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Cl A24 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Br A25 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —I A26 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-butyl A27 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-propyl A28 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propyl A29 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butyl A30 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-butyl A31 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -sec-butyl A32 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -cyclohexyl A33 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butoxy A34 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propoxy A35 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —CF₃ A36 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —OCF₃ A37 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Cl A38 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Br A39 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —I A40 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-butyl A41 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-propyl A42 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propyl A43 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butyl A44 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-butyl A45 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -sec-butyl A46 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl A47 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy A48 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy A49 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —CF₃ A50 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —OCF₃ A51 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Cl A52 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Br A53 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —I A54 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-butyl A55 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-propyl A56 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propyl A57 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butyl A58 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-butyl A59 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -sec-butyl A60 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl A61 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy A62 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy A63 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —CF₃ A64 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —OCF₃ A65 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Cl A66 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Br A67 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —I A68 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-butyl A69 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-propyl A70 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propyl A71 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butyl A72 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-butyl A73 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -sec-butyl A74 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -cyclohexyl A75 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butoxy A76 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propoxy A77 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —CF₃ A78 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —OCF₃ A79 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Cl A80 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Br A81 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —I A82 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-butyl A83 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-propyl A84 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propyl A85 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butyl A86 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-butyl A87 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -sec-butyl A88 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -cyclohexyl A89 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butoxy A90 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propoxy A91 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —CF₃ A92 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —OCF₃ A93 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Cl A94 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Br A95 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —I A96 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-butyl A97 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-propyl A98 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propyl A99 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butyl A100 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-butyl A101 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -sec-butyl A102 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -cyclohexyl A103 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butoxy A104 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-propoxy A105 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —CF₃ A106 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —OCF₃ A107 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Cl A108 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Br A109 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —I A110 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-butyl A111 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-propyl A112 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -isopropyl A113 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butyl A114 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-butyl A115 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -sec-butyl A116 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -cyclohexyl A117 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butoxy A118 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propoxy A119 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —CF₃ A120 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —OCF₃ A121 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Cl A122 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Br A123 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —I A124 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-butyl A125 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-propyl A126 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propyl A127 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butyl A128 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-butyl A129 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -sec-butyl A130 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -cyclohexyl A131 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butoxy A132 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propoxy A133 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —CF₃ A134 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —OCF₃ A135 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Cl A136 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Br A137 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —I A138 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-butyl A139 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-propyl A140 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propyl A141 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl A142 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl A143 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl A144 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl A145 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy A146 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy A147 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ A148 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ A149 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Cl A150 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Br A151 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —I A152 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl A153 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl A154 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl A155 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl A156 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl A157 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl A158 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl A159 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy A160 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy A161 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —CF₃ A162 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ A163 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Cl A164 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Br A165 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —I A166 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-butyl A167 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-propyl A168 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl A169 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl A170 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl A171 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl A172 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl A173 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy A174 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy A175 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ A176 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ A177 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Cl A178 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Br A179 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —I A180 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl A181 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl A182 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl A183 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl A184 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl A185 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl A186 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl A187 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy A188 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy A189 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —CF₃ A190 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ A191 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Cl A192 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Br A193 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —I A194 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-butyl A195 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-propyl A196 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl A197 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butyl A198 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-butyl A199 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -sec-butyl A200 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl A201 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy A202 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy A203 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —CF₃ A204 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —OCF₃ A205 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Cl A206 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Br A207 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —I A208 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-butyl A209 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-propyl A210 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propyl A211 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl A212 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl A213 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl A214 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl A215 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy A216 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy A217 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —CF₃ A218 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ A219 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Cl A220 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Br A221 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —I A222 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-butyl A223 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-propyl A224 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl A225 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl A226 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl A227 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl A228 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl A229 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy A230 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy A231 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ A232 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ A233 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl A234 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br A235 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I A236 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl A237 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl A238 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl A239 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butyl A240 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl A241 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl A242 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl A243 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy A244 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy A245 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ A246 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ A247 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl A248 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br A249 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I A250 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl A251 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl A252 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl A253 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl A254 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl A255 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl A256 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl A257 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy A258 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy A259 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ A260 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ A261 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl A262 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br A263 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I A264 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl A265 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl A266 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl A267 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl A268 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl A269 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl A270 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl A271 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy A272 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy A273 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ A274 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ A275 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Cl A276 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Br A277 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —I A278 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl A279 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl A280 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl A281 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl A282 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl A283 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl A284 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl A285 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy A286 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy A287 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —CF₃ A288 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ A289 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Cl A290 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Br A291 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —I A292 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-butyl A293 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-propyl A294 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl A295 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl A296 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl A297 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl A298 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl A299 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy A300 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy A301 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ A302 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ A303 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Cl A304 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Br A305 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —I A306 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl A307 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl A308 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl a means R₃ is —H. b means R₃ is —CH₃ and the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is racemic. c means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (R) configuration. d means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (S) configuration.

TABLE 2 (IV)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where: Compound Ar₁ R_(8a) B1 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butyl B2 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-butyl B3 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -sec-butyl B4 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -cyclohexyl BS (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butoxy B6 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propoxy B7 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —CF₃ B8 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —OCF₃ B9 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Cl B10 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Br B11 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —I B12 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-butyl B13 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-propyl B14 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propyl B15 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butyl B16 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-butyl B17 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -sec-butyl B18 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -cyclohexyl B19 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butoxy B20 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propoxy B21 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —CF₃ B22 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —OCF₃ B23 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Cl B24 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Br B25 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —I B26 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-butyl B27 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-propyl B28 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propyl B29 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butyl B30 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-butyl B31 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -sec-butyl B32 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -cyclohexyl B33 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butoxy B34 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propoxy B35 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —CF₃ B36 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —OCF₃ B37 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Cl B38 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Br B39 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —I B40 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-butyl B41 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-propyl B42 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propyl B43 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butyl B44 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-butyl B45 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -sec-butyl B46 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl B47 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy B48 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy B49 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —CF₃ B50 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —OCF₃ B51 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Cl B52 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Br B53 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —I B54 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-butyl B55 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-propyl B56 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propyl B57 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butyl B58 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-butyl B59 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -sec-butyl B60 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl B61 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy B62 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy B63 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —CF₃ B64 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —OCF₃ B65 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Cl B66 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Br B67 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —I B68 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-butyl B69 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-propyl B70 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propyl B71 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butyl B72 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-butyl B73 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -sec-butyl B74 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -cyclohexyl B75 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butoxy B76 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propoxy B77 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —CF₃ B78 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —OCF₃ B79 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Cl B80 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Br B81 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —I B82 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-butyl B83 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-propyl B84 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propyl B85 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butyl B86 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-butyl B87 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -sec-butyl B88 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -cyclohexyl B89 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butoxy B90 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propoxy B91 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —CF₃ B92 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —OCF₃ B93 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Cl B94 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Br B95 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —I B96 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-butyl B97 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-propyl B98 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propyl B99 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butyl B100 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-butyl B101 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -sec-butyl B102 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -cyclohexyl B103 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butoxy B104 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-propoxy B105 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —CF₃ B106 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —OCF₃ B107 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Cl B108 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Br B109 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —I B110 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-butyl B111 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-propyl B112 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -isopropyl B113 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butyl B114 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-butyl B115 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -sec-butyl B116 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -cyclohexyl B117 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butoxy B118 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propoxy B119 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —CF₃ B120 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —OCF₃ B121 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Cl B122 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Br B123 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —I B124 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-butyl B125 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-propyl B126 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propyl B127 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butyl B128 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-butyl B129 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -sec-butyl B130 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -cyclohexyl B131 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butoxy B132 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propoxy B133 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —CF₃ B134 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —OCF₃ B135 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Cl B136 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Br B137 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —I B138 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-butyl B139 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-propyl B140 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propyl B141 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl B142 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl B143 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl B144 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl B145 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy B146 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy B147 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ B148 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ B149 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Cl B150 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Br B151 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —I B152 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl B153 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl B154 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl B155 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl B156 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl B157 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl B158 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl B159 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy B160 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy B161 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —CF₃ B162 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ B163 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Cl B164 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Br B165 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —I B166 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-butyl B167 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-propyl B168 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl B169 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl B170 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl B171 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl B172 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl B173 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy B174 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy B175 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ B176 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ B177 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Cl B178 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Br B179 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —I B180 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl B181 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl B182 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl B183 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl B184 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl B185 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl B186 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl B187 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy B188 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy B189 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —CF₃ B190 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ B191 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Cl B192 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Br B193 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —I B194 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-butyl B195 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-propyl B196 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl B197 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butyl B198 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-butyl B199 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -sec-butyl B200 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl B201 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy B202 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy B203 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —CF₃ B204 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —OCF₃ B205 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Cl B206 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Br B207 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —I B208 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-butyl B209 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-propyl B210 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propyl B211 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl B212 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl B213 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl B214 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl B215 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy B216 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy B217 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —CF₃ B218 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ B219 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Cl B220 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Br B221 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —I B222 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-butyl B223 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-propyl B224 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl B225 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl B226 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl B227 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl B228 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl B229 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy B230 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy B231 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ B232 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ B233 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl B234 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br B235 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I B236 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl B237 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl B238 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl B239 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butyl B240 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl B241 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl B242 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl B243 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy B244 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy B245 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ B246 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ B247 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl B248 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br B249 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I B250 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl B251 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl B252 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl B253 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl B254 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl B255 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl B256 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl B257 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy B258 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy B259 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ B260 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ B261 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl B262 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br B263 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I B264 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl B265 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl B266 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl B267 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl B268 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl B269 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl B270 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl B271 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy B272 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy B273 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ B274 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ B275 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Cl B276 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Br B277 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —I B278 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl B279 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl B280 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl B281 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl B282 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl B283 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl B284 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl B285 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy B286 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy B287 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —CF₃ B288 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ B289 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Cl B290 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Br B291 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —I B292 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-butyl B293 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-propyl B294 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl B295 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl B296 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl B297 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl B298 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl B299 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy B300 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy B301 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ B302 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ B303 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Cl B304 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Br B305 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —I B306 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl B307 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl B308 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl a means R₃ is —H. b means R₃ is —CH₃ and the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is racemic. c means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (R) configuration. d means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (S) configuration.

TABLE 3 (V)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where: Compound Ar₁ R_(8a) C1 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butyl C2 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-butyl C3 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -sec-butyl C4 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -cyclohexyl C5 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butoxy C6 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propoxy C7 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —CF₃ C8 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —OCF₃ C9 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Cl C10 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Br C11 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —I C12 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-butyl C13 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-propyl C14 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propyl C15 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butyl C16 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-butyl C17 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -sec-butyl C18 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -cyclohexyl C19 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butoxy C20 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propoxy C21 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —CF₃ C22 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —OCF₃ C23 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Cl C24 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Br C25 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —I C26 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-butyl C27 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-propyl C28 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propyl C29 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butyl C30 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-butyl C31 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -sec-butyl C32 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -cyclohexyl C33 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butoxy C34 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propoxy C35 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —CF₃ C36 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —OCF₃ C37 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Cl C38 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Br C39 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —I C40 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-butyl C41 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-propyl C42 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propyl C43 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butyl C44 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-butyl C45 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -sec-butyl C46 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl C47 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy C48 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy C49 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —CF₃ C50 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —OCF₃ C51 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Cl C52 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Br C53 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —I C54 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-butyl C55 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-propyl C56 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propyl C57 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butyl C58 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-butyl C59 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -sec-butyl C60 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl C61 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy C62 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy C63 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —CF₃ C64 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —OCF₃ C65 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Cl C66 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Br C67 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —I C68 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-butyl C69 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-propyl C70 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propyl C71 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butyl C72 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-butyl C73 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -sec-butyl C74 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -cyclohexyl C75 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butoxy C76 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propoxy C77 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —CF₃ C78 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —OCF₃ C79 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Cl C80 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Br C81 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —I C82 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-butyl C83 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-propyl C84 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propyl C85 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butyl C86 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-butyl C87 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -sec-butyl C88 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -cyclohexyl C89 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butoxy C90 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propoxy C91 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —CF₃ C92 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —OCF₃ C93 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Cl C94 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Br C95 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —I C96 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-butyl C97 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-propyl C98 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propyl C99 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butyl C100 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-butyl C101 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -sec-butyl C102 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -cyclohexyl C103 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butoxy C104 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-propoxy C105 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —CF₃ C106 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —OCF₃ C107 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Cl C108 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Br C109 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —I C110 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-butyl C111 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-propyl C112 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -isopropyl C113 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butyl C114 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-butyl C115 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -sec-butyl C116 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -cyclohexyl C117 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butoxy C118 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propoxy C119 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —CF₃ C120 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —OCF₃ C121 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Cl C122 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Br C123 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —I C124 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-butyl C125 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-propyl C126 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propyl C127 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butyl C128 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-butyl C129 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -sec-butyl C130 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -cyclohexyl C131 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butoxy C132 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propoxy C133 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —CF₃ C134 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —OCF₃ C135 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Cl C136 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Br C137 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —I C138 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-butyl C139 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-propyl C140 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propyl C141 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl C142 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl C143 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl C144 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl C145 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy C146 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy C147 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ C148 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ C149 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Cl C150 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Br C151 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —I C152 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl C153 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl C154 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl C155 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl C156 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl C157 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl C158 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl C159 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy C160 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy C161 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —CF₃ C162 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ C163 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Cl C164 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Br C165 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —I C166 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-butyl C167 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-propyl C168 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl C169 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl C170 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl C171 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl C172 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl C173 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy C174 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy C175 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ C176 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ C177 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Cl C178 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Br C179 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —I C180 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl C181 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl C182 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl C183 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl C184 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl C185 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl C186 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl C187 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy C188 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy C189 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —CF₃ C190 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ C191 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Cl C192 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Br C193 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —I C194 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-butyl C195 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-propyl C196 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl C197 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butyl C198 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-butyl C199 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -sec-butyl C200 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl C201 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy C202 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy C203 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —CF₃ C204 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —OCF₃ C205 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Cl C206 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Br C207 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —I C208 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-butyl C209 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-propyl C210 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propyl C211 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl C212 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl C213 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl C214 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl C215 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy C216 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy C217 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —CF₃ C218 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ C219 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Cl C220 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Br C221 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —I C222 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-butyl C223 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-propyl C224 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl C225 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl C226 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl C227 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl C228 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl C229 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy C230 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy C231 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ C232 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ C233 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl C234 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br C235 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I C236 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl C237 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl C238 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl C239 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butyl C240 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl C241 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl C242 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl C243 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy C244 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy C245 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ C246 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ C247 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl C248 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br C249 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I C250 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl C251 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl C252 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl C253 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl C254 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl C255 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl C256 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl C257 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy C258 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy C259 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ C260 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ C261 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl C262 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br C263 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I C264 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl C265 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl C266 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl C267 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl C268 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl C269 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl C270 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl C271 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy C272 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy C273 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ C274 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ C275 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Cl C276 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Br C277 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —I C278 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl C279 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl C280 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl C281 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl C282 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl C283 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl C284 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl C285 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy C286 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy C287 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —CF₃ C288 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ C289 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Cl C290 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Br C291 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —I C292 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-butyl C293 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-propyl C294 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl C295 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl C296 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl C297 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl C298 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl C299 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy C300 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy C301 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ C302 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ C303 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Cl C304 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Br C305 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —I C306 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl C307 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl C308 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl a means R₃ is —H. b means R₃ is —CH₃ and the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is racemic. c means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (R) configuration. d means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (S) configuration.

TABLE 4 (VI)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where: Compound Ar₁ R_(8a) D1 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butyl D2 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-butyl D3 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -sec-butyl D4 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -cyclohexyl D5 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butoxy D6 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propoxy D7 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —CF₃ D8 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —OCF₃ D9 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Cl D10 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Br D11 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —I D12 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-butyl D13 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-propyl D14 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propyl D15 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butyl D16 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-butyl D17 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -sec-butyl D18 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -cyclohexyl D19 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butoxy D20 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propoxy D21 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —CF₃ D22 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —OCF₃ D23 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Cl D24 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Br D25 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —I D26 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-butyl D27 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-propyl D28 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propyl D29 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butyl D30 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-butyl D31 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -sec-butyl D32 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -cyclohexyl D33 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butoxy D34 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propoxy D35 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —CF₃ D36 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —OCF₃ D37 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Cl D38 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Br D39 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —I D40 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-butyl D41 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-propyl D42 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyndyl) -iso-propyl D43 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butyl D44 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-butyl D45 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -sec-butyl D46 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl D47 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy D48 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy D49 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —CF₃ D50 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —OCF₃ D51 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Cl D52 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Br D53 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —I D54 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-butyl D55 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-propyl D56 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propyl D57 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butyl D58 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-butyl D59 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -sec-butyl D60 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl D61 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy D62 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy D63 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —CF₃ D64 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —OCF₃ D65 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Cl D66 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Br D67 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —I D68 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-butyl D69 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-propyl D70 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propyl D71 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butyl D72 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-butyl D73 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -sec-butyl D74 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -cyclohexyl D75 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butoxy D76 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propoxy D77 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —CF₃ D78 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —OCF₃ D79 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Cl D80 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Br D81 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —I D82 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-butyl D83 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-propyl D84 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propyl D85 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butyl D86 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-butyl D87 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -sec-butyl D88 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -cyclohexyl D89 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butoxy D90 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propoxy D91 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —CF₃ D92 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —OCF₃ D93 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Cl D94 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Br D95 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —I D96 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-butyl D97 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-propyl D98 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propyl D99 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butyl D100 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-butyl D101 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -sec-butyl D102 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -cyclohexyl D103 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butoxy D104 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-propoxy D105 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —CF₃ D106 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —OCF₃ D107 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Cl D108 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Br D109 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —I D110 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-butyl D111 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-propyl D112 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -isopropyl D113 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butyl D114 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-butyl D115 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -sec-butyl D116 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -cyclohexyl D117 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butoxy D118 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propoxy D119 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —CF₃ D120 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —OCF₃ D121 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Cl D122 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Br D123 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —I D124 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-butyl D125 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-propyl D126 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propyl D127 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butyl D128 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-butyl D129 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -sec-butyl D130 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -cyclohexyl D131 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butoxy D132 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propoxy D133 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —CF₃ D134 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —OCF₃ D135 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Cl D136 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Br D137 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —I D138 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-butyl D139 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-propyl D140 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propyl D141 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl D142 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl D143 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl D144 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl D145 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy D146 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy D147 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ D148 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ D149 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Cl D150 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Br D151 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —I D152 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl D153 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl D154 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl D155 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl D156 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl D157 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl D158 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl D159 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy D160 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy D161 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —CF₃ D162 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ D163 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Cl D164 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Br D165 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —I D166 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-butyl D167 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-propyl D168 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl D169 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl D170 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl D171 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl D172 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl D173 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy D174 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy D175 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ D176 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ D177 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Cl D178 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Br D179 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —I D180 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl D181 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl D182 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl D183 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl D184 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl D185 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl D186 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl D187 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy D188 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy D189 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —CF₃ D190 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ D191 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Cl D192 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Br D193 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —I D194 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-butyl D195 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-propyl D196 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl D197 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butyl D198 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-butyl D199 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -sec-butyl D200 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl D201 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy D202 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy D203 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —CF₃ D204 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —OCF₃ D205 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Cl D206 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Br D207 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —I D208 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-butyl D209 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-propyl D210 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propyl D211 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl D212 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl D213 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl D214 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl D215 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy D216 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy D217 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —CF₃ D218 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ D219 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Cl D220 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Br D221 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —I D222 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-butyl D223 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-propyl D224 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl D225 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl D226 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl D227 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl D228 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl D229 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy D230 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy D231 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ D232 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ D233 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl D234 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br D235 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I D236 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl D237 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl D238 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl D239 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butyl D240 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl D241 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl D242 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl D243 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy D244 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy D245 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ D246 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ D247 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl D248 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br D249 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I D250 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl D251 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl D252 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl D253 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl D254 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl D255 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl D256 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl D257 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy D258 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy D259 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ D260 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ D261 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl D262 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br D263 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I D264 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl D265 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl D266 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl D267 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl D268 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl D269 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl D270 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl D271 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy D272 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy D273 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ D274 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ D275 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Cl D276 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Br D277 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —I D278 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl D279 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl D280 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl D281 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl D282 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl D283 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl D284 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl D285 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy D286 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy D287 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —CF₃ D288 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ D289 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Cl D290 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Br D291 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —I D292 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-butyl D293 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-propyl D294 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl D295 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl D296 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl D297 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl D298 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl D299 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy D300 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy D301 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ D302 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ D303 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Cl D304 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Br D305 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —I D306 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl D307 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl D308 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl a means R₃ is —H. b means R₃ is —CH₃ and the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is racemic. c means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (R) configuration. d means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (S) configuration.

TABLE 5 (VII)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where: Compound Ar₁ R_(8a) E1 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butyl E2 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-butyl E3 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -sec-butyl E4 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -cyclohexyl E5 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butoxy E6 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propoxy E7 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —CF₃ E8 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —OCF₃ E9 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Cl E10 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Br E11 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —I E12 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-butyl E13 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-propyl E14 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propyl E15 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butyl E16 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-butyl E17 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -sec-butyl E18 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -cyclohexyl E19 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butoxy E20 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propoxy E21 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —CF₃ E22 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —OCF₃ E23 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Cl E24 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Br E25 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —I E26 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-butyl E27 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-propyl E28 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propyl E29 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butyl E30 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-butyl E31 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -sec-butyl E32 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -cyclohexyl E33 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butoxy E34 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propoxy E35 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —CF₃ E36 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —OCF₃ E37 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Cl E38 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Br E39 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —I E40 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-butyl E41 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-propyl E42 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propyl E43 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butyl E44 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-butyl E45 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -sec-butyl E46 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl E47 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy E48 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy E49 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —CF₃ E50 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —OCF₃ E51 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Cl E52 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Br E53 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —I E54 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-butyl E55 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-propyl E56 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propyl E57 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butyl E58 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-butyl E59 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -sec-butyl E60 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl E61 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy E62 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy E63 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —CF₃ E64 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —OCF₃ E65 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Cl E66 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Br E67 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —I E68 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-butyl E69 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-propyl E70 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propyl E71 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butyl E72 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-butyl E73 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -sec-butyl E74 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -cyclohexyl E75 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butoxy E76 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propoxy E77 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —CF₃ E78 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —OCF₃ E79 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Cl E80 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Br E81 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —I E82 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-butyl E83 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-propyl E84 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propyl E85 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butyl E86 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-butyl E87 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -sec-butyl E88 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -cyclohexyl E89 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butoxy E90 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propoxy E91 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —CF₃ E92 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —OCF₃ E93 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Cl E94 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Br E95 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —I E96 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-butyl E97 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-propyl E98 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propyl E99 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butyl E100 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-butyl E101 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -sec-butyl E102 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -cyclohexyl E103 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butoxy E104 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-propoxy E105 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —CF₃ E106 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —OCF₃ E107 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Cl E108 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Br E109 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —I E110 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-butyl E111 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-propyl E112 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -isopropyl E113 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butyl E114 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-butyl E115 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -sec-butyl E116 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -cyclohexyl E117 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butoxy E118 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propoxy E119 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —CF₃ E120 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —OCF₃ E121 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Cl E122 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Br E123 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —I E124 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-butyl E125 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-propyl E126 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propyl E127 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butyl E128 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-butyl E129 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -sec-butyl E130 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -cyclohexyl E131 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butoxy E132 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propoxy E133 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —CF₃ E134 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —OCF₃ E135 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Cl E136 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Br E137 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —I E138 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-butyl E139 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-propyl E140 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propyl E141 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl E142 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl E143 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl E144 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl E145 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy E146 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy E147 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ E148 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ E149 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Cl E150 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Br E151 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —I E152 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl E153 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl E154 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl E155 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl E156 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl E157 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl E158 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl E159 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy E160 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy E161 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —CF₃ E162 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ E163 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Cl E164 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Br E165 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —I E166 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-butyl E167 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-propyl E168 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl E169 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl E170 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl E171 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl E172 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl E173 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy E174 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy E175 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ E176 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ E177 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Cl E178 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Br E179 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —I E180 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl E181 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl E182 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl E183 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl E184 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl E185 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl E186 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl E187 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy E188 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy E189 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —CF₃ E190 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ E191 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Cl E192 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Br E193 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —I E194 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-butyl E195 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-propyl E196 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl E197 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butyl E198 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-butyl E199 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -sec-butyl E200 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl E201 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy E202 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy E203 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —CF₃ E204 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —OCF₃ E205 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Cl E206 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Br E207 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —I E208 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-butyl E209 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-propyl E210 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propyl E211 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl E212 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl E213 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl E214 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl E215 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy E216 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy E217 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —CF₃ E218 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ E219 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Cl E220 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Br E221 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —I E222 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-butyl E223 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-propyl E224 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl E225 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl E226 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl E227 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl E228 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl E229 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy E230 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy E231 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ E232 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ E233 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl E234 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br E235 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I E236 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl E237 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl E238 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl E239 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butyl E240 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl E241 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl E242 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl E243 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy E244 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy E245 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ E246 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ E247 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl E248 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br E249 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I E250 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl E251 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl E252 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl E253 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl E254 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl E255 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl E256 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl E257 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy E258 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy E259 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ E260 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ E261 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl E262 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br E263 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I E264 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl E265 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl E266 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl E267 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl E268 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl E269 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl E270 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl E271 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy E272 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy E273 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ E274 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ E275 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Cl E276 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Br E277 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —I E278 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl E279 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl E280 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl E281 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl E282 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl E283 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl E284 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl E285 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy E286 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy E287 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —CF₃ E288 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ E289 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Cl E290 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Br E291 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —I E292 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-butyl E293 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-propyl E294 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl E295 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl E296 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl E297 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl E298 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl E299 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy E300 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy E301 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ E302 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ E303 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Cl E304 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Br E305 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —I E306 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl E307 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl E308 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl a means R₃ is —H. b means R₃ is —CH₃ and the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is racemic. c means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (R) configuration. d means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (S) configuration.

TABLE 6 (VIII)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where: Compound Ar₁ R_(8a) F1(a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butyl F2 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-butyl F3 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -sec-butyl F4 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -cyclohexyl F5 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butoxy F6 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propoxy F7 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —CF₃ F8 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —OCF₃ F9 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Cl F10 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Br F11 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —I F12 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-butyl F13 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-propyl F14 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propyl F15 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butyl F16 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-butyl F17 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -sec-butyl F18 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -cyclohexyl F19 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butoxy F20 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propoxy F21 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —CF₃ F22 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —OCF₃ F23 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Cl F24 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Br F25 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —I F26 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-butyl F27 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-propyl F28 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propyl F29 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butyl F30 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-butyl F31 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -sec-butyl F32 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -cyclohexyl F33 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butoxy F34 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propoxy F35 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —CF₃ F36 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —OCF₃ F37 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Cl F38 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Br F39 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —I F40 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-butyl F41 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-propyl F42 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propyl F43 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butyl F44 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-butyl F45 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -sec-butyl F46 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl F47 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy F48 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy F49 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —CF₃ F50 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —OCF₃ F51 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Cl F52 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Br F53 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —I F54 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-butyl F55 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-propyl F56 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propyl F57 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butyl F58 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-butyl F59 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -sec-butyl F60 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl F61 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy F62 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy F63 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —CF₃ F64 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —OCF₃ F65 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Cl F66 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Br F67 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —I F68 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-butyl F69 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-propyl F70 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propyl F71 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butyl F72 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-butyl F73 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -sec-butyl F74 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -cyclohexyl F75 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butoxy F76 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propoxy F77 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —CF₃ F78 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —OCF₃ F79 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Cl F80 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Br F81 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —I F82 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-butyl F83 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-propyl F84 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propyl F85 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butyl F86 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-butyl F87 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -sec-butyl F88 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -cyclohexyl F89 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butoxy F90 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propoxy F91 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —CF₃ F92 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —OCF₃ F93 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Cl F94 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Br F95 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —I F96 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-butyl F97 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-propyl F98 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propyl F99 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butyl F100 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-butyl F101 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -sec-butyl F102 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -cyclohexyl F103 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butoxy F104 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-propoxy F105 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —CF₃ F106 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —OCF₃ F107 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Cl F108 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Br F109 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —I F110 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-butyl F111 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-propyl F112 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -isopropyl F113 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butyl F114 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-butyl F115 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -sec-butyl F116 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -cyclohexyl F117 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butoxy F118 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propoxy F119 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —CF₃ F120 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —OCF₃ F121 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Cl F122 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Br F123 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —I F124 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-butyl F125 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-propyl F126 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propyl F127 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butyl F128 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-butyl F129 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -sec-butyl F130 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -cyclohexyl F131 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butoxy F132 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propoxy F133 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —CF₃ F134 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —OCF₃ F135 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Cl F136 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Br F137 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —I F138 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-butyl F139 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-propyl F140 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propyl F141 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl F142 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl F143 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl F144 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl F145 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy F146 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy F147 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ F148 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ F149 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Cl F150 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Br F151 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —I F152 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl F153 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl F154 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl F155 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl F156 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl F157 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl F158 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl F159 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy F160 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy F161 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —CF₃ F162 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ F163 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Cl F164 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Br F165 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —I F166 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-butyl F167 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-propyl F168 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl F169 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl F170 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl F171 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl F172 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl F173 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy F174 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy F175 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ F176 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ F177 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Cl F178 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Br F179 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —I F180 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl F181 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl F182 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl F183 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl F184 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl F185 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl F186 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl F187 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy F188 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy F189 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —CF₃ F190 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ F191 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Cl F192 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Br F193 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —I F194 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-butyl F195 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-propyl F196 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl F197 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butyl F198 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-butyl F199 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -sec-butyl F200 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl F201 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy F202 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy F203 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —CF₃ F204 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —OCF₃ F205 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Cl F206 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Br F207 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —I F208 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-butyl F209 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-propyl F210 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propyl F211 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl F212 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl F213 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl F214 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl F215 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy F216 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy F217 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —CF₃ F218 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ F219 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Cl F220 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Br F221 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —I F222 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-butyl F223 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-propyl F224 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl F225 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl F226 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl F227 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl F228 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl F229 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy F230 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy F231 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ F232 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ F233 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl F234 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br F235 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I F236 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl F237 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl F238 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl F239 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butyl F240 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl F241 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl F242 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl F243 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy F244 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy F245 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ F246 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ F247 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl F248 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br F249 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I F250 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl F251 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl F252 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl F253 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl F254 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl F255 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl F256 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl F257 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy F258 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy F259 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ F260 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ F261 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl F262 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br F263 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I F264 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl F265 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl F266 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl F267 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl F268 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl F269 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl F270 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl F271 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy F272 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy F273 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ F274 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ F275 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Cl F276 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Br F277 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —I F278 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl F279 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl F280 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl F281 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl F282 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl F283 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl F284 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl F285 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy F286 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy F287 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —CF₃ F288 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ F289 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Cl F290 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Br F291 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —I F292 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-butyl F293 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-propyl F294 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl F295 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl F296 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl F297 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl F298 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl F299 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy F300 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy F301 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ F302 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ F303 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Cl F304 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Br F305 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —I F306 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl F307 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl F308 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl a means R₃ is —H. b means R₃ is —CH₃ and the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is racemic. c means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (R) configuration. d means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (S) configuration.

TABLE 7 (IX)

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, where: Compound Ar₁ R_(8a) G1 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butyl G2 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-butyl G3 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -sec-butyl G4 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -cyclohexyl G5 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -tert-butoxy G6 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propoxy G7 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —CF₃ G8 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —OCF₃ G9 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Cl G10 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —Br G11 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) —I G12 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-butyl G13 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -n-propyl G14 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyridyl) -iso-propyl G15 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butyl G16 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-butyl G17 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -sec-butyl G18 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -cyclohexyl G19 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -tert-butoxy G20 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propoxy G21 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —CF₃ G22 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —OCF₃ G23 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Cl G24 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —Br G25 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) —I G26 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-butyl G27 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -n-propyl G28 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyridyl) -iso-propyl G29 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butyl G30 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-butyl G31 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -sec-butyl G32 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -cyclohexyl G33 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -tert-butoxy G34 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propoxy G35 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —CF₃ G36 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —OCF₃ G37 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Cl G38 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —Br G39 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) —I G40 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-butyl G41 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -n-propyl G42 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyridyl) -iso-propyl G43 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butyl G44 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-butyl G45 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -sec-butyl G46 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl G47 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy G48 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy G49 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —CF₃ G50 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —OCF₃ G51 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Cl G52 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —Br G53 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) —I G54 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-butyl G55 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -n-propyl G56 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl) -iso-propyl G57 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butyl G58 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-butyl G59 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -sec-butyl G60 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -cyclohexyl G61 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -tert-butoxy G62 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propoxy G63 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —CF₃ G64 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —OCF₃ G65 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Cl G66 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —Br G67 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) —I G68 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-butyl G69 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -n-propyl G70 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl) -iso-propyl G71 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butyl G72 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-butyl G73 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -sec-butyl G74 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -cyclohexyl G75 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -tert-butoxy G76 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propoxy G77 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —CF₃ G78 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —OCF₃ G79 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Cl G80 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —Br G81 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) —I G82 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-butyl G83 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -n-propyl G84 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-hydroxypyridyl) -iso-propyl G85 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butyl G86 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-butyl G87 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -sec-butyl G88 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -cyclohexyl G89 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -tert-butoxy G90 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propoxy G91 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —CF₃ G92 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —OCF₃ G93 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Cl G94 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —Br G95 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) —I G96 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-butyl G97 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -n-propyl G98 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-nitropyridyl) -iso-propyl G99 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butyl G100 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-butyl G101 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -sec-butyl G102 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -cyclohexyl G103 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -tert-butoxy G104 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -iso-propoxy G105 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —CF₃ G106 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —OCF₃ G107 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Cl G108 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —Br G109 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) —I G110 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-butyl G111 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -n-propyl G112 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-cyanopyridyl) -isopropyl G113 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butyl G114 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-butyl G115 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -sec-butyl G116 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -cyclohexyl G117 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -tert-butoxy G118 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propoxy G119 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —CF₃ G120 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —OCF₃ G121 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Cl G122 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —Br G123 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) —I G124 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-butyl G125 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -n-propyl G126 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-bromopyridyl) -iso-propyl G127 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butyl G128 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-butyl G129 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -sec-butyl G130 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -cyclohexyl G131 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -tert-butoxy G132 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propoxy G133 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —CF₃ G134 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —OCF₃ G135 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Cl G136 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —Br G137 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) —I G138 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-butyl G139 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -n-propyl G140 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-iodopyridyl) -iso-propyl G141 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl G142 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl G143 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl G144 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl G145 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy G146 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy G147 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ G148 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ G149 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Cl G150 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —Br G151 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) —I G152 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl G153 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl G154 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl G155 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl G156 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl G157 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl G158 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl G159 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy G160 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy G161 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —CF₃ G162 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ G163 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Cl G164 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —Br G165 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) —I G166 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-butyl G167 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -n-propyl G168 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl G169 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butyl G170 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-butyl G171 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -sec-butyl G172 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -cyclohexyl G173 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -tert-butoxy G174 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propoxy G175 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —CF₃ G176 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —OCF₃ G177 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Cl G178 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —Br G179 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) —I G180 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-butyl G181 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -n-propyl G182 (a, b, c, and d) -4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl) -iso-propyl G183 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl G184 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl G185 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl G186 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl G187 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy G188 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy G189 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —CF₃ G190 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ G191 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Cl G192 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —Br G193 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) —I G194 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-butyl G195 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -n-propyl G196 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-chloropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl G197 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butyl G198 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-butyl G199 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -sec-butyl G200 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl G201 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy G202 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy G203 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —CF₃ G204 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —OCF₃ G205 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Cl G206 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —Br G207 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) —I G208 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-butyl G209 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -n-propyl G210 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-methylpyrazinyl) -iso-propyl G211 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butyl G212 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-butyl G213 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -sec-butyl G214 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -cyclohexyl G215 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -tert-butoxy G216 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propoxy G217 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —CF₃ G218 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —OCF₃ G219 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Cl G220 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —Br G221 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) —I G222 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-butyl G223 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -n-propyl G224 (a, b, c, and d) -2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl) -iso-propyl G225 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl G226 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl G227 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl G228 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl G229 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy G230 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy G231 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —CF₃ G232 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ G233 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Cl G234 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —Br G235 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) —I G236 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-butyl G237 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -n-propyl G238 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-chloropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl G239 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butyl G240 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-butyl G241 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -sec-butyl G242 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl G243 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy G244 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy G245 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —CF₃ G246 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —OCF₃ G247 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Cl G248 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —Br G249 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) —I G250 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-butyl G251 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -n-propyl G252 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-methylpyridazinyl) -iso-propyl G253 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butyl G254 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-butyl G255 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -sec-butyl G256 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -cyclohexyl G257 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -tert-butoxy G258 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propoxy G259 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —CF₃ G260 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —OCF₃ G261 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Cl G262 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —Br G263 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) —I G264 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-butyl G265 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -n-propyl G266 (a, b, c, and d) -3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl) -iso-propyl G267 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl G268 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl G269 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl G270 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl G271 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy G272 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy G273 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ G274 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ G275 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Cl G276 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —Br G277 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) —I G278 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl G279 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl G280 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl G281 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl G282 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl G283 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl G284 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl G285 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy G286 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy G287 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —CF₃ G288 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ G289 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Cl G290 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —Br G291 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) —I G292 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-butyl G293 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -n-propyl G294 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl G295 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butyl G296 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-butyl G297 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -sec-butyl G298 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -cyclohexyl G299 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -tert-butoxy G300 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propoxy G301 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —CF₃ G302 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —OCF₃ G303 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Cl G304 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —Br G305 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) —I G306 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-butyl G307 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -n-propyl G308 (a, b, c, and d) -5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl) -iso-propyl a means R₃ is —H. b means R₃ is —CH₃ and the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is racemic. c means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (R) configuration. d means R₃ is —CH₃ and the carbon atom to which R₃ is attached is in the (S) configuration.

4.5 Definitions

As used herein, the terms used above having following meaning:

“—(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl, -n-hexyl, -n-heptyl, -n-octyl, -n-nonyl, and -n-decyl. Representative branched —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyls include -iso-propyl, -sec-butyl, -iso-butyl, -tert-butyl, -iso-pentyl, -neo-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, 3,3-dimethylbutyl, 1-methylhexyl, 2-methylhexyl, 3-methylhexyl, 4-methylhexyl, 5-methylhexyl, 1,2-dimethylpentyl, 1,3-dimethylpentyl, 1,2-dimethylhexyl, 1,3-dimethylhexyl, 3,3-dimethylhexyl, 1,2-dimethylheptyl, 1,3-dimethylheptyl, and 3,3-dimethylheptyl.

“—(C₁-C₆)alkyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Representative straight chain —(C₁-C₆)alkyls include -methyl, -ethyl, -n-propyl, -n-butyl, -n-pentyl, and -n-hexyl. Representative branched —(C₁-C₆)alkyls include -iso-propyl, -sec-butyl, -iso-butyl, -tert-butyl, -iso-pentyl, -neo-pentyl, 1-methylbutyl, 2-methylbutyl, 3-methylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2-dimethylpropyl, 1-methylpentyl, 2-methylpentyl, 3-methylpentyl, 4-methylpentyl, 1-ethylbutyl, 2-ethylbutyl, 3-ethylbutyl, 1,1-dimethylbutyl, 1,2-dimethylbutyl, 1,3-dimethylbutyl, 2,2-dimethylbutyl, 2,3-dimethylbutyl, and 3,3-dimethylbutyl.

“—(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Representative straight chain and branched (C₂-C₁₀)alkenyls include -vinyl, -allyl, -1-butenyl, -2-butenyl, -iso-butylenyl, -1-pentenyl, -2-pentenyl, -3-methyl-1-butenyl, -2-methyl-2-butenyl, -2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, -1-hexenyl, -2-hexenyl, -3-hexenyl, -1-heptenyl, -2-heptenyl, -3-heptenyl, -1-octenyl, -2-octenyl, -3-octenyl, -1-nonenyl, -2-nonenyl, -3-nonenyl, -1-decenyl, -2-decenyl, -3-decenyl and the like.

“—(C₂-C₆)alkenyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and including at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Representative straight chain and branched (C₂-C₆)alkenyls include -vinyl, -allyl, -1-butenyl, -2-butenyl, -iso-butylenyl, -1-pentenyl, -2-pentenyl, -3-methyl-1-butenyl, -2-methyl-2-butenyl, -2,3-dimethyl-2-butenyl, -1-hexenyl, -2-hexenyl, -3-hexenyl and the like.

“—(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 10 carbon atoms and including at lease one carbon-carbon triple bond. Representative straight chain and branched —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyls include -acetylenyl, -propynyl, -1-butynyl, -2-butynyl, -1-pentynyl, -2-pentynyl, -3-methyl-1-butynyl, -4-pentynyl, -1-hexynyl, -2-hexynyl, -5-hexynyl, -1-heptynyl, -2-heptynyl, -6-heptynyl, -1-octynyl, -2-octynyl, -7-octynyl, -1-nonynyl, -2-nonynyl, -8-nonynyl, -1-decynyl, -2-decynyl, -9-decynyl and the like.

“—(C₂-C₆)alkynyl” means a straight chain or branched non-cyclic hydrocarbon having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and including at lease one carbon-carbon triple bond. Representative straight chain and branched (C₂-C₆)alkynyls include -acetylenyl, -propynyl, -1-butynyl, -2-butynyl, -1-pentynyl, -2-pentynyl, -3-methyl-1-butynyl, -4-pentynyl, -1-hexynyl, -2-hexynyl, -5-hexynyl and the like.

“—(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl” means a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon having from 3 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative (C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyls are -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -cycloheptyl, -cyclooctyl, -cyclononyl, and -cyclodecyl.

“—(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl” means a saturated cyclic hydrocarbon having from 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Representative (C₃-C₈)cycloalkyls include -cyclopropyl, -cyclobutyl, -cyclopentyl, -cyclohexyl, -cycloheptyl, and -cyclooctyl.

“—(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl” means a bi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system having from 8 to 14 carbon atoms and at least one saturated cyclic alkyl ring. Representative —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyls include -indanyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, -5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthyl, -perhydronaphthyl and the like.

“—(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl” means a tri-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system having from 8 to 14 carbon atoms and at least one saturated cyclic alkyl ring. Representative —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyls include -pyrenyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydroanthracenyl, -perhydroanthracenyl-aceanthreneyl, -1,2,3,4-tetrahydropenanthrenyl, -5,6,7,8-tetrahydrophenanthrenyl, -perhydrophenanthrenyl and the like.

“—(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl” means a cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic system and from 5 to 10 carbon atoms. Representative (C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyls include -cyclopentenyl, -cyclopentadienyl, -cyclohexenyl, -cyclohexadienyl, -cycloheptenyl, -cycloheptadienyl, -cycloheptatrienyl, -cyclooctenyl, -cyclooctadienyl, -cyclooctatrienyl, -cyclooctatetraenyl, -cyclononenyl -cyclononadienyl, -cyclodecenyl, -cyclodecadienyl and the like.

“—(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl” means a cyclic non-aromatic hydrocarbon having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic system and from 5 to 8 carbon atoms. Representative (C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyls include -cyclopentenyl, -cyclopentadienyl, -cyclohexenyl, -cyclohexadienyl, -cycloheptenyl, -cycloheptadienyl, -cycloheptatrienyl, -cyclooctenyl, -cyclooctadienyl, -cyclooctatrienyl, -cyclooctatetraenyl and the like.

“—(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl” means a bi-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in each ring and from 8 to 14 carbon atoms. Representative —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyls include -indenyl, -pentalenyl, -naphthalenyl, -azulenyl, -heptalenyl, -1,2,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenyl and the like.

“—(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl” means a tri-cyclic hydrocarbon ring system having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in each ring and from 8 to 14 carbon atoms. Representative —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyls include -anthracenyl, -phenanthrenyl, -phenalenyl, -acenaphthalenyl, as-indacenyl, s-indacenyl and the like.

“-(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle” or “-(3- to 7-membered)heterocyclo” means a 3- to 7-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic, or aromatic. A 3- or a 4-membered heterocycle can contain up to 3 heteroatoms, a 5-membered heterocycle can contain up to 4 heteroatoms, a 6-membered heterocycle can contain up to 6 heteroatoms, and a 7-membered heterocycle can contain up to 7 heteroatoms. Each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen or carbon atom. Representative -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycles include pyridyl, furyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, hydantoinyl, valerolactamyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, tetrahydropyrindinyl, tetrahydropyrimidinyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl, tetrahydrothiopyranyl and the like.

“-(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle” or “-(3- to 5-membered)heterocyclo” means a 3- to 5-membered monocyclic heterocyclic ring which is either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic, or aromatic. A 3- or a 4-membered heterocycle can contain up to 3 heteroatoms, and a 5-membered heterocycle can contain up to 4 heteroatoms. Each heteroatom is independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen or carbon atom. Representative -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycles include furyl, thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, imidazolyl, thiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, triazinyl, pyrrolidinonyl, pyrrolidinyl, hydantoinyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydrothiophenyl and the like.

“-(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle” or “-(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocyclo” means a 7- to 10-membered bicyclic, heterocyclic ring which is either saturated, unsaturated non-aromatic, or aromatic. A -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle contains from 1 to 4 heteroatoms independently selected from nitrogen, which can be quaternized; oxygen; and sulfur, including sulfoxide and sulfone. The -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle can be attached via a nitrogen or carbon atom. Representative -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycles include -quinolinyl, -isoquinolinyl, -chromonyl, -coumarinyl, -indolyl, -indolizinyl, -benzo[b]furanyl, -benzo[b]thiophenyl, -indazolyl, -purinyl, -4H-quinolizinyl, -isoquinolyl, -quinolyl, -phthalazinyl, -naphthyridinyl, -carbazolyl, -β-carbolinyl and the like.

“—(C₁₄)aryl” means a 14-membered aromatic carbocyclic moiety such as -anthryl or -phenanthryl.

“-(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl” means an aromatic heterocycle ring of 5 to 10 members, including both mono- and bicyclic ring systems, where at least one carbon atom of one or both of the rings is replaced with a heteroatom independently selected from nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur. In one embodiment, one of the -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl's rings contain at least one carbon atom. In another embodiment, both of the -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl's rings contain at least one carbon atom. Representative -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryls include pyridyl, furyl, benzofuranyl, thiophenyl, benzothiophenyl, quinolinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, oxazolyl, benzoxazolyl, imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl, thiazolyl, benzothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, pyrazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, thiadiazolyl, triazinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, and quinazolinyl.

“—CH₂(halo)” means a methyl group where one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced with a halogen. Representative —CH₂(halo) groups include —CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, and —CH₂I.

“—CH(halo)₂” means a methyl group where two of the hydrogens of the methyl group have been replaced with a halogen. Representative —CH(halo)₂ groups include —CHF₂, —CHCl₂, —CHBr₂, CHBrCl, CHClI, and —CH₁₂.

“—C(halo)₃” means a methyl group where each of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced with a halogen. Representative —C(halo)₃ groups include —CF₃, —CCl₃, —CBr₃, and —Cl₃.

“-Halogen” or “-halo” means —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I.

The phrase “pyridyl group” means

where R₁, R₂, and n are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formulas (I) and (II).

The phrase “pyrazinyl group” means,

where R₁, R₂, and p are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formulas (I) and (II).

The phrase “pyrimidinyl group” means

where R₁, R₂, and p are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formulas (I) and (II).

The phrase “pyridazinyl group” means

where R₁, R₂, and p are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formulas (I) and (II).

The phrase “thiadiazolyl group” means

where R₁ is defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formulas (I) and (II).

The phrase “2-(3-chloropyridyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-fluoropyridyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-methylpyridyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-CF₃-pyridyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-CHF₂-pyridyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-hydroxypyridyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-nitropyridyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-cyanopyridyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-bromopyridyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-iodopyridyl)” means

The phrase “4-(5-chloropyrimidinyl)” means

The phrase “4-(5-methylpyrimidinyl)” means

The phrase “4-(5-fluoropyrimidinyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-chloropyrazinyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-methylpyrazinyl)” means

The phrase “2-(3-fluoropyrazinyl)” means

The phrase “3-(4-chloropyridazinyl)” means

The phrase “3-(4-methylpyridazinyl)” means

The phrase “3-(4-fluoropyridazinyl)” means

The phrase “5-(4-chlorothiadiazolyl)” means

The phrase “5-(4-methylthiadiazolyl)” means

The phrase “5-(4-fluorothiadiazolyl)” means

The phrase “benzoimidazolyl group” means

where R₈ and s are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formulas (I) and (II).

The phrase “benzothiazolyl group” means

where R₈ and s are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (II) and (II).

The phrase “benzooxazolyl group” means

where R₈ and s are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formulas (II) and (II).

The phrase “piperazine ring” means

The term “animal,” includes, but is not limited to, a cow, monkey, chimpanzee, baboon, horse, sheep, pig, chicken, turkey, quail, cat, dog, mouse, rat, rabbit, guinea pig, and human.

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable salt,” as used herein, is any pharmaceutically acceptable salt that can be prepared from a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound including a salt formed from an acid and a basic functional group, such as a nitrogen group, of one of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds. Illustrative salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucaronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1,1′-methylene-bis-(2-hydroxy-3-naphthoate)) salts. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” also refers to a salt formed from a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound having an acidic functional group, such as a carboxylic acid functional group, and an inorganic or organic base. Suitable bases include, but are not limited to, hydroxides of alkali metals such as sodium, potassium, and lithium; hydroxides of alkaline earth metal such as calcium and magnesium; hydroxides of other metals, such as aluminum and zinc; ammonia and organic amines, such as unsubstituted or hydroxy-substituted mono-, di-, or trialkylamines; dicyclohexylamine; tributyl amine; pyridine; N-methyl, N-ethylamine; diethylamine; triethylamine; mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxy-lower alkyl amines), such as mono-, bis-, or tris-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, 2-hydroxy-tert-butylamine, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)methylamine, N,N-di-lower alkyl-N-(hydroxy lower alkyl)-amines, such as N,N-dimethyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine, or tri-(2-hydroxyethyl)amine; N-methyl-D-glucamine; and amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.

The phrase “effective amount,” when used in connection with a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound means an amount effective for: (a) treating or preventing a Condition; or (b) inhibiting VR1, mGluR1, or mGluR5 function in a cell.

The phrase “effective amount,” when used in connection with another therapeutic agent means an amount for providing the therapeutic effect of the therapeutic agent.

When a first group is “substituted with one or more” second groups, each of one or more of the first group's hydrogen atoms is replaced with a second group. In one embodiment, each carbon atom of a first group is independently substituted with one or two second groups. In another embodiment, each carbon atom of a first group is independently substituted with only one second group.

The term “UI” means urinary incontinence.

The term “IBD” means inflammatory-bowel disease.

The term “IBS” means irritable-bowel syndrome.

The term “ALS” means amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

The term “DMF” means dimethylformamide.

The term “DIEA” means di-iso-propylethyl amine.

The term “DIC” means di-iso-propylcarbodimide.

The phrases “treatment of,” “treating,” and the like include the amelioration or cessation of a Condition, or a symptom thereof.

In one embodiment, treating includes inhibiting, for example, decreasing the overall frequency of episodes of a Condition or a symptom thereof.

The phrases “prevention of,” “preventing,” and the like include the avoidance of the onset of a Condition, or a symptom thereof.

4.6 Methods for Making the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be made using conventional organic synthesis including the following illustrative methods shown in the schemes below.

4.6.1 Methods for Making the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (I)

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (I) can be obtained by the following illustrative method shown below in Scheme 1:

where Ar₁, Ar₂, R₃, R₄, and m are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (I).

For example, a DMF solution of isothiocyanate A (2.5 mmol) and nitrile B is allowed to react in the presence of DIEA (2.5 mmol) at a temperature of about 25° C. for about 16 h to provide a DMF solution of a compound of formula C. A compound of formula D (3 mmol) and DIC (4.5 mmol) is then added to the DMF solution of the compound of formula C and the resulting solution is allowed to stir at a temperature of about 25° C. for about 16 h. The solvent is then removed under reduced pressure to provide a residue. The residue is then purified using flash column chromatography (silica gel eluted with a gradient of 5:95 ethylacetate:hexane to 20:80 ethylacetate:hexane) to provide the Cyano(nitro)vinylpiperazine Compound of formula (I). Typically, the Cyano(nitro)vinylpiperazine Compound of formula (I) are obtained as a mixture of the isomer where the R₄ group and the Ar₂—NH— group are cis relative to each other and the isomer where the R₄ group and the Ar₂—NH— group are trans relative to each other. The individual cis and trans isomers can be separated using methods known to those skilled in the art. Representative methods to separate the cis and trans isomers include, but are not limited to, recrystallization and column chromatography.

If the Ar₁ group of the compound of formula D is substituted with a hydroxyl or amino group or —R₃ is a hydroxyl or amino group, the hydroxyl or amino group can be protected using a suitable protecting group, using methods known to those skilled in the art, before the compound of formula D is reacted with a compound of formula C. Suitable protecting groups for hydroxyl group include, but are not limited to, methyl ether, methoxymethyl ether, methoxythiomethyl ether, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl ether, bis(2-chloroethoxy)ethyl ether, tetrahydropyranyl ether, tetrahydrothiopyranyl ether, 4-methoxytetrahydropyranyl ether, methoxytetrahydrothiopyranyl ether, tetrahydrofuranyl ether, tetrahydrothiofuranyl ether, 1-ethoxyethyl ether, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl ether, 2-(phenylselenyl ether), tert-butyl ether, allyl ether, benzyl ether, o-nitrobenzyl ether, triphenylmethyl ether, o-napthyldiphenylmethyl ether, p-methoxydiphenylmethyl ether, 9-(9-phenyl-10-oxo)anthryl ether (tritylone), trimethylsilyl ether, iso-propyldimethylsilyl ether, tert-butyldimethylsilyl ether, tert-butyldiphenylsilyl ether, tribenzylsilyl ether, tri-iso-propylsilyl ether, formate ester, acetate ester, trichloroacetate ester, phenoxyacetate ester, iso-butyrate ester, pivaloate ester, adamantoate ester, benzoate ester, 2,4,6-trimethyl(mesitoate) ester, methyl carbonate, 2,2,2-trichlorocarbonate, allyl carbonate, p-nitrophenyl carbonate, benzyl carbonate, p-nitrobenzyl carbonate, S-benzylthiocarbonate, N-phenylcarbamate, nitrate ester, and 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenate ester (See, e.g., T. W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 17-200 (3d ed. 1999)). Suitable protecting groups for an amino group include, but are not limited to, 1,1-dimethyl-2,2,2-trichloroethyl carbamate, 1-methyl-1-(4-biphenylyl)ethyl carbamate, 2-trimethylsilylethyl carbamate, 9-fluorenylmethyl carbamate, and tert-butyl carbamate (T. W. Greene et al., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 494-653 (2d ed. 1999)).

The isothiocyanates, Ar₂NCS (A), are commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art (See, e.g., J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure 417, 429, 670, 904, and 930 (4^(th) ed. 1992)).

The nitrites (B) are commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art. The nitrile (B) where R₄ is —CN is commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo. (www.sigma-aldrich.com). The nitrites (B) where R₄ is —C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl or —C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl) can be obtained by reacting an alcohol of formula R₉OH or an amine of formula R₉NH₂, where R₉ is a C₁-C₄ alkyl group with a cyanoacetyl halide. In one embodiment, the cyanoacetyl halide is cyanoacetyl chloride (Cl—C(O)CH₂CN). Cyanoacetyl halides can be obtained from cyanoacetic acid (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich. Methods for preparing acid halides from carboxylic acids are known to those skilled in the art and are described in J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry, Reaction Mechanisms and Structure 437-8 (4th ed. 1992). For example, acid halides can be prepared by reacting the carboxylic acid with thionyl chloride, bromide, or iodide. An acid chloride can also be prepared by reacting a carboxylic acid with phosphorous trichloride or tribromide. An acid chloride can also be prepared by reacting the carboxylic acid with Ph₃P in carbon tetrachloride. An acid fluoride can be obtained by reacting a carboxylic acid with cyanuric fluoride.

The Compound of formula D can be obtained as shown below in Scheme 2:

where R₁, R₂, R₃, m, n, and p are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (I) and X is a halogen. In one embodiment, X is bromide, chloride, or iodide.

For example, a compound of formula E1-E5 (about 20 mmol) is reacted with a compound of formula F (about 27.5 mmol) in about 15 mL of dimethyl sulfoxide in the presence of triethyl amine (about 30 mmol), optionally with heating, for about 24 h to provide a compound of formula D1-D5. The compound of formula D1-D5 can be isolated from the reaction mixture and purified. In one embodiment, the compound of formula D1-D5 is purified using column chromatography or recrystallization. If the compound of formula F is substituted with a hydroxyl or amino group, the hydroxyl or amino group can be protected using a suitable protecting group, using methods known to those skilled in the art, before being reacted with a compound of formula E1-E5. Suitable protecting groups include, but are not limited to, those described above.

Compounds of formula E and F are commercially available or can be prepared by methods known to those skilled in the art. The compound of formula F where m is 0 is commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich.

4.6.2 Methods for Making the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of Formula (II)

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (II) where R₄ is —H can be obtained by the following illustrative method shown below in Scheme 3:

where Ar₁, Ar₂, R₃, R₄, and m are defined above for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (II).

For example, an ethanol solution of amine Ar₂NH₂ (G) (1 mmol) and a compound of formula H is allowed to react at a temperature of about 70° C. for about 15 h to provide an ethanol solution of a compound of formula J. A compound of formula D (1.2 mmol) is then added to the ethanol solution of a compound of formula J and the resulting solution allowed to refux for about 15 h. The solvent is then removed under reduced pressure to provide a residue. The residue is then purified using column chromatography (silica column eluted with a gradient of 20:80 ethyl acetate:hexane to 50:50 ethyl acetate:hexane) to provide the Cyano(nitro)vinylpiperazine Compound of formula (II). Typically, the Cyano(nitro)vinylpiperazine Compound of formula (II) is obtained as a mixture of the isomer where the R₄ group and the Ar₂—NH— group are cis relative to each other and the isomer where the R₄ group and the Ar₂—NH— group are trans relative to each other. The individual cis and trans isomers can be separated using methods known to those skilled in the art. Representative methods to separate the cis and trans isomers include, but are not limited to, recrystallization and column chromatography.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (II) where R₄ is —CN can be obtained using a procedure that is analagous to that used to make the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (I) where R₄ is —CN, as described above in Schemes 1 and 2, except that a compound of formula O₂N—CH₂—CN is used in place of the compound of formula B. The compound of formula O₂N—CH₂—CN can be obtained by reacting sodium cyanide with bromonitromethane, O₂N—CH₂—Br, (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich), in DMF at 70° C.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (II) where R₄ is —C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl or —C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl) can be obtained using a procedure that is analogous to that used to make the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of formula (I) where R₄—C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl or —C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl), respectively, as described above in Schemes 1 and 2, except that a compound of formula O₂N—CH₂—C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl or O₂N—CH₂—C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl), respectively, is used in place of the compound of formula B. The compound of formula O₂N—CH₂—C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl can obtained by reacting a nitroacetyl halide with an alcohol of R₉OH where R₉ is a C₁-C₄ alkyl group. The compound of formula O₂N—CH₂—C(O)(NHC₁-C₄ alkyl) can be obtained by reacting a nitroacetyl halide with an amine of formula R₉NH₂ where R₉ is a C₁-C₄ alkyl group. Nitroacetyl halides can be obtained from nitroacetic acid using methods known to those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, the methods described above for making acid halides. Nitroacetic acid can be obtained by hydrolyzing methyl nitroacetate (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich) using methods known to those skilled in the art.

Certain Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can have one or more asymmetric centers and therefore exist in different enantiomeric and diastereomeric forms. A Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound can be in the form of an optical isomer or a diastereomer. Accordingly, the invention encompasses Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds and their uses as described herein in the form of their optical isomers, diasteriomers, and mixtures thereof, including a racemic mixture. Optical isomers of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be obtained by known techniques such as chiral chromatography or formation of diastereomeric salts from an optically active acid or base.

In addition, one or more hydrogen, carbon or other atoms of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound can be replaced by an isotope of the hydrogen, carbon or other atoms. Such compounds, which are encompassed by the present invention, are useful as research and diagnostic tools in metabolism pharmacokinetic studies and in binding assays.

4.7 Therapeutic Uses of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds

In accordance with the invention, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds are administered to an animal in need of treatment or prevention of a Condition.

In one embodiment, an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound can be used to treat or prevent any condition treatable or preventable by inhibiting VR1. Examples of conditions that are treatable or preventable by inhibiting VR1 include, but are not limited to, pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, and IBS.

In another embodiment, an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound can be used to treat or prevent any condition treatable or preventable by inhibiting mGluR5. Examples of conditions that are treatable or preventable by inhibiting mGluR5 include, but are not limited to, pain, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, a pruritic condition, and psychosis.

In another embodiment, an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound can be used to treat or prevent any condition treatable or preventable by inhibiting mGluR1. Examples of conditions that are treatable or preventable by inhibiting mGluR1 include, but are not limited to, pain, UI, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, a seizure, a pruritic condition, psychosis, a cognitive disorder, a memory deficit, restricted brain function, Huntington's chorea, ALS, dementia, retinopathy, a muscle spasm, a migraine, vomiting, dyskinesia, and depression.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent acute or chronic pain. Examples of pain treatable or preventable using the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds include, but are not limited to, cancer pain, labor pain, myocardial infarction pain, pancreatic pain, colic pain, post-operative pain, headache pain, muscle pain, arthritic pain, and pain associated with a periodontal disease, including gingivitis and periodontitis.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can also be used for treating or preventing pain associated with inflammation or with an inflammatory disease in an animal. Such pain can arise where there is an inflammation of the body tissue which can be a local inflammatory response and/or a systemic inflammation. For example, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent pain associated with inflammatory diseases including, but not limited to: organ transplant rejection; reoxygenation injury resulting from organ transplantation (see Grupp et al., J. Mol, Cell Cardiol. 31:297-303 (1999)) including, but not limited to, transplantation of the heart, lung, liver, or kidney; chronic inflammatory diseases of the joints, including arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and bone diseases associated with increased bone resorption; inflammatory bowel diseases, such as ileitis, ulcerative colitis, Barrett's syndrome, and Crohn's disease; inflammatory lung diseases, such as asthma, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and chronic obstructive airway disease; inflammatory diseases of the eye, including corneal dystrophy, trachoma, onchocerciasis, uveitis, sympathetic ophthalmitis and endophthalmitis; chronic inflammatory disease of the gum, including gingivitis and periodontitis; tuberculosis; leprosy; inflammatory diseases of the kidney, including uremic complications, glomerulonephritis and nephrosis; inflammatory disease of the skin, including sclerodermatitis, psoriasis and eczema; inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system, including chronic demyelinating diseases of the nervous system, multiple sclerosis, AIDS-related neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease, infectious meningitis, encephalomyelitis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and viral or autoimmune encephalitis; autoimmune diseases, including Type I and Type II diabetes mellitus; diabetic complications, including, but not limited to, diabetic cataract, glaucoma, retinopathy, nephropathy (such as microaluminuria and progressive diabetic nephropathy), polyneuropathy, mononeuropathies, autonomic neuropathy, gangrene of the feet, atherosclerotic coronary arterial disease, peripheral arterial disease, nonketotic hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar coma, foot ulcers, joint problems, and a skin or mucous membrane complication (such as an infection, a shin spot, a candidal infection or necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum); immune-complex vasculitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE); inflammatory disease of the heart, such as cardiomyopathy, ischemic heart disease hypercholesterolemia, and artherosclerosis; as well as various other diseases that can have significant inflammatory components, including preeclampsia, chronic liver failure, brain and spinal cord trauma, and cancer. The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can also be used for treating or preventing pain associated with inflammatory disease that can, for example, be a systemic inflammation of the body, exemplified by gram-positive or gram negative shock, hemorrhagic or anaphylactic shock, or shock induced by cancer chemotherapy in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines, e.g., shock associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Such shock can be induced, e.g., by a chemotherapeutic agent that is administered as a treatment for cancer.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent UI. Examples of UI treatable or preventable using the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds include, but are not limited to, urge incontinence, stress incontinence, overflow incontinence, neurogenic incontinence, and total incontinence.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent an ulcer. Examples of ulcers treatable or preventable using the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds include, but are not limited to, a duodenal ulcer, a gastric ulcer, a marginal ulcer, an esophageal ulcer, and a stress ulcer.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent IBD, including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent IBS. Examples of IBS treatable or preventable using the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds include, but are not limited to, spastic-colon-type IBS and constipation-predominant IBS.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent an addictive disorder, including but not limited to, an eating disorder, an impulse-control disorder, an alcohol-related disorder, a nicotine-related disorder, an amphetamine-related disorder, a cannabis-related disorder, a cocaine-related disorder, an hallucinogen-related disorder, an inhalant-related disorders, and an opioid-related disorder, all of which are further sub-classified as listed below.

Eating disorders include, but are not limited to, Bulimia Nervosa, Nonpurging Type; Bulimia Nervosa, Purging Type; Anorexia; and Eating Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Impulse control disorders include, but are not limited to, Intermittent Explosive Disorder, Kleptomania, Pyromania, Pathological Gambling, Trichotillomania, and Impulse Control Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Alcohol-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Alcohol Abuse, Alcohol Intoxication, Alcohol Withdrawal, Alcohol Intoxication Delirium, Alcohol Withdrawal Delirium, Alcohol-Induced Persisting Dementia, Alcohol-Induced Persisting Amnestic Disorder, Alcohol Dependence, Alcohol-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations, Alcohol-Induced Mood Disorder, Alcohol-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Alcohol-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorder, and Alcohol-Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Nicotine-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Nicotine Dependence, Nicotine Withdrawal, and Nicotine-Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Amphetamine-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Amphetamine Dependence, Amphetamine Abuse, Amphetamine Intoxication, Amphetamine Withdrawal, Amphetamine Intoxication Delirium, Amphetamine-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Amphetamine-Induced Psychotic Disorders with hallucinations, Amphetamine-Induced Mood Disorder, Amphetamine-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Amphetamine-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Amphetamine-Induced Sleep Disorder, and Amphetamine Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Cannabis-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Cannabis Dependence, Cannabis Abuse, Cannabis Intoxication, Cannabis Intoxication Delirium, Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Cannabis-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations, Cannabis-Induced Anxiety Disorder, and Cannabis Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Cocaine-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Cocaine Dependence, Cocaine Abuse, Cocaine Intoxication, Cocaine Withdrawal, Cocaine Intoxication Delirium, Cocaine-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Cocaine-Induced Psychotic Disorders with hallucinations, Cocaine-Induced Mood Disorder, Cocaine-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Cocaine-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Cocaine-Induced Sleep Disorder, and Cocaine Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Hallucinogen-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Hallucinogen Dependence, Hallucinogen Abuse, Hallucinogen Intoxication, Hallucinogen Withdrawal, Hallucinogen Intoxication Delirium, Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (Flashbacks), Hallucinogen-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Hallucinogen-Induced Psychotic Disorders with hallucinations, Hallucinogen-Induced Mood Disorder, Hallucinogen-Induced Anxiety Disorder, Hallucinogen-Induced Sexual Dysfunction, Hallucinogen-Induced Sleep Disorder, and Hallucinogen Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Inhalant-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Inhalant Dependence, Inhalant Abuse, Inhalant Intoxication, Inhalant Intoxication Delirium, Inhalant-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Inhalant-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations, Inhalant-Induced Anxiety Disorder, and Inhalant Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

Opioid-related disorders include, but are not limited to, Opioid Dependence, Opioid Abuse, Opioid Withdrawal, Opioid Intoxication, Opioid Intoxication Delirium, Opioid-Induced Psychotic Disorder with delusions, Opioid-Induced Psychotic Disorder with hallucinations, Opioid-Induced Anxiety Disorder, and Opioid Related Disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism and the symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism, including but not limited to, bradykinesia, muscular rigidity, resting tremor, and impairment of postural balance.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent generalized anxiety or severe anxiety and the symptoms associated with anxiety, including but not limited to, restlessness; tension; tachycardia; dyspnea; depression, including chronic “neurotic” depression; panic disorder; agoraphobia and other specific phobias; eating disorders; and personality disorders.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent epilepsy, including but not limited to, partial epilepsy, generalized epilepsy, and the symptoms associated with epilepsy, including but not limited to, simple partial seizures, jacksonian seizures, complex partial (psychomotor) seizures, convulsive seizures (grand mal or tonic-clonic seizures), petit mal (absence) seizures, and status epilepticus.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent strokes, including but not limited to, ischemic strokes and hemorrhagic strokes.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a seizure, including but not limited to, infantile spasms, febrile seizures, and epileptic seizures.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a pruritic condition, including but not limited to, pruritus caused by dry skin, scabies, dermatitis, herpetiformis, atopic dermatitis, pruritus vulvae et ani, miliaria, insect bites, pediculosis, contact dermatitis, drug reactions, urticaria, urticarial eruptions of pregnancy, psoriasis, lichen planus, lichen simplex chronicus, exfoliative dermatitis, folliculitis, bullous pemphigoid, or fiberglass dermatitis.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent psychosis, including but not limited to, schizophrenia, including paranoid schizophrenia, hebephrenic or disorganized schizophrenia, catatonic schizophrenia, undifferentiated schizophrenia, negative or deficit subtype schizophrenia, and non-deficit schizophrenia; a delusional disorder, including erotomanic subtype delusional disorder, grandiose subtype delusional disorder, jealous subtype delusional disorder, persecutory subtype delusional disorder, and somatic subtype delusional disorder; and brief psychosis.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a cognitive disorder, including but not limited to, delirium and dementia such as multi-infarct dementia, dementia pugilistica, dimentia caused by AIDS, and dementia caused by Alzheimer's disease.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a memory deficiency, including but not limited to, dissociative amnesia and dissociative fugue.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent restricted brain function, including but not limited to, that caused by surgery or an organ transplant, restricted blood supply to the brain, a spinal cord injury, a head injury, hypoxia, cardiac arrest, or hypoglycemia.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent Huntington's chorea.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent ALS.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent retinopathy, including but not limited to, arteriosclerotic retinopathy, diabetic arteriosclerotic retinopathy, hypertensive retinopathy, non-proliferative retinopathy, and proliferative retinopathy. The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a muscle spasm.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent a migraine including, but not limited to, migraine without aura (“common migraine”), migraine with aura (“classic migraine”), migraine without headache, basilar migraine, familial hemiplegic migraine, migrainous infarction, and migraine with prolonged aura.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent vomiting, including but not limited to, nausea vomiting, dry vomiting (retching), and regurgitation.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent dyskinesia, including but not limited to, tardive dyskinesia and biliary dyskinesia.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be used to treat or prevent depression, including but not limited to, major depression and bipolar disorder.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, Applicants believe that the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds are antagonists for VR1.

The invention also relates to methods for inhibiting VR1 function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing VR1 with an amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound effective to inhibit VR1 function in the cell. This method can be used in vitro, for example, as an assay to select cells that express VR1 and, accordingly, are useful as part of an assay to select compounds useful for treating or preventing pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS. The method is also useful for inhibiting VR1 function in a cell in vivo, in an animal (e.g., a human), by contacting a cell in an animal with an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing UI in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing an ulcer in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing IBD in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing IBS in an animal in need thereof.

Examples of cells capable of expressing VR1 include, but are not limited to, cells of neuronal, brain, kidney, urothelium, and bladder tissue. Methods for assaying cells that express VR1 are known in the art.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, Applicants believe that the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds are antagonists for mGluR5.

The invention further relates to methods for inhibiting mGluR5 function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing mGluR5 with an amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound effective to inhibit mGluR5 function in the cell. This method can be used in vitro, for example, as an assay to select cells that express mGluR5 and, accordingly, are useful as part of an assay to select compounds useful for treating or preventing pain, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, a pruritic condition, or psychosis. The method is also useful for inhibiting mGluR5 function in a cell in vivo, in an animal (e.g., a human), by contacting a cell in an animal with an amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound effective to inhibit mGluR5 function in the cell. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing an addictive disorder in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing Parkinson's disease in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing parkinsonism in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing anxiety in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a pruritic condition in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing psychosis in an animal in need thereof.

Examples of cells capable of expressing mGluR5 are neuronal and glial cells of the central nervous system, particularly the brain, especially in the nucleus accumbens. Methods for assaying cells that express mGluR5 are known in the art.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, Applicants believe that the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds are antagonists for mGluR1.

The invention further relates to methods for inhibiting mGluR1 function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing mGluR1 with an amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound effective to inhibit mGluR1 function in the cell. This method can be used in vitro, for example, as an assay to select cells that express mGluR1 and, accordingly, are useful as part of an assay to select compounds useful for treating or preventing pain, UI, an addictive disorder, Parkinson's disease, parkinsonism, anxiety, epilepsy, stroke, a seizure, a pruritic condition, psychosis, a cognitive disorder, a memory deficit, restricted brain function, Huntington's chorea, ALS, dementia, retinopathy, a muscle spasm, a migraine, vomiting, dyskinesia, or depression. The method is also useful for inhibiting mGluR1 function in a cell in vivo, in an animal (e.g., a human), by contacting a cell in an animal with an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound. In one embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing pain in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing UI in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing an addictive disorder in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing Parkinson's disease in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing parkinsonism in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing anxiety in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing epilepsy in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing stroke in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a seizure in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a pruritic condition in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing psychosis in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a cognitive disorder in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a memory deficit in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing restricted brain function in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing Huntington's chorea in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing ALS in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing dementia in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing retinopathy in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a muscle spasm in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing a migraine in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing vomiting in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing dyskinesia in an animal in need thereof. In another embodiment, the method is useful for treating or preventing depression in an animal in need thereof.

Examples of cells capable of expressing mGluR1 include, but are not limited to, cerebellar Purkinje neuron cells, Purkinje cell bodies (punctate), cells of spine(s) of the cerebellum; neurons and neurophil cells of olfactory-bulb glomeruli; cells of the superficial layer of the cerebral cortex; hippocampus cells; thalamus cells; superior colliculus cells; and spinal trigeminal nucleus cells. Methods for assaying cells that express MGluR1 are known in the art.

4.8 Therapeutic/Prophylactic Administration and Compositions of the Invention

Due to their activity, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds are advantageously useful in veterinary and human medicine. As described above, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds are useful for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal in need thereof.

When administered to an animal, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be administered as a component of a composition that comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. The present compositions, which comprise a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound, can be administered orally. The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds of the invention can also be administered by any other convenient route, for example, by infusion or bolus injection, by absorption through epithelial or mucocutaneous linings (e.g., oral, rectal, and intestinal mucosa, etc.) and can be administered together with another therapeutically active agent. Administration can be systemic or local. Various delivery systems are known, e.g., encapsulation in liposomes, microparticles, microcapsules, capsules, etc., and can be used to administer the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound.

Methods of administration include, but are not limited to, intradermal, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, subcutaneous, intranasal, epidural, oral, sublingual, intracerebral, intravaginal, transdermal, rectal, by inhalation, or topical, particularly to the ears, nose, eyes, or skin. The mode of administration can be left to the discretion of the practitioner. In most instances, administration will result in the release of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds into the bloodstream.

In specific embodiments, it can be desirable to administer the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds locally. This can be achieved, for example, and not by way of limitation, by local infusion during surgery, topical application, e.g., in conjunction with a wound dressing after surgery, by injection, by means of a catheter, by means of a suppository or enema, or by means of an implant, said implant being of a porous, non-porous, or gelatinous material, including membranes, such as sialastic membranes, or fibers.

In certain embodiments, it can be desirable to introduce the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds into the central nervous system or gastrointestinal tract by any suitable route, including intraventricular, intrathecal, and epidural injection, and enema. Intraventricular injection can be facilitated by an intraventricular catheter, for example, attached to a reservoir, such as an Ommaya reservoir.

Pulmonary administration can also be employed, e.g., by use of an inhaler or nebulizer, and formulation with an aerosolizing agent, or via perfusion in a fluorocarbon or synthetic pulmonary surfactant. In certain embodiments, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be formulated as a suppository, with traditional binders and excipients such as triglycerides.

In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be delivered in a vesicle, in particular a liposome (see Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990) and Treat et al., Liposomes in the Therapy of Infectious Disease and Cancer 317-327 and 353-365 (1989).

In yet another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be delivered in a controlled-release system or sustained-release system (see, e.g., Goodson, in Medical Applications of Controlled Release, supra, vol. 2, pp. 115-138 (1984)). Other controlled- or sustained-release systems discussed in the review by Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990) can be used. In one embodiment, a pump can be used (Langer, Science 249:1527-1533 (1990); Sefton, CRC Crit. Ref Biomed. Eng. 14:201 (1987); Buchwald et al., Surgery 88:507 (1980); and Saudek et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 321:574 (1989)). In another embodiment, polymeric materials can be used (see Medical Applications of Controlled Release (Langer and Wise eds., 1974); Controlled Drug Bioavailability, Drug Product Design and Performance (Smolen and Ball eds., 1984); Ranger and Peppas, J. Macromol. Sci. Rev. Macromol. Chem. 23:61 (1983); Levy et al., Science 228:190 (1985); During et al., Ann. Neurol. 25:351 (1989); and Howard et al., J. Neurosurg. 71:105 (1989)). In yet another embodiment, a controlled- or sustained-release system can be placed in proximity of a target of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds, e.g., the spinal column, brain, or gastrointestinal tract, thus requiring only a fraction of the systemic dose.

In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle is an excipient. Such a pharmaceutical excipient can be a liquid, such as water or an oil, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable, or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like. The pharmaceutical excipient can be saline, gum acacia, gelatin, starch paste, talc, keratin, colloidal silica, urea and the like. In addition, auxiliary, stabilizing, thickening, lubricating, and coloring agents can be used. In one embodiment, the pharmaceutically acceptable excipient is sterile when administered to an animal. Water is a particularly useful excipient when the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid excipients, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable pharmaceutical excipients also include starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like. The present compositions, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents.

The present compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsions, tablets, pills, pellets, capsules, capsules containing liquids, powders, sustained-release formulations, suppositories, emulsions, aerosols, sprays, suspensions, or any other form suitable for use. In one embodiment, the composition is in the form of a capsule (see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,698,155). Other examples of suitable pharmaceutical excipients are described in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences 1447-1676 (Alfonso R. Gennaro ed., 19th ed. 1995), incorporated herein by reference.

In one embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds are formulated in accordance with routine procedures as a composition adapted for oral administration to human beings. Compositions for oral delivery can be in the form of tablets, lozenges, aqueous or oily suspensions, granules, powders, emulsions, capsules, syrups, or elixirs, for example. Orally administered compositions can contain one or more agents, for example, sweetening agents such as fructose, aspartame or saccharin; flavoring agents such as peppermint, oil of wintergreen, or cherry; coloring agents; and preserving agents, to provide a pharmaceutically palatable preparation. Moreover, where in tablet or pill form, the compositions can be coated to delay disintegration and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract thereby providing a sustained action over an extended period of time. Selectively permeable membranes surrounding an osmotically active driving compound are also suitable for orally administered compositions. In these latter platforms, fluid from the environment surrounding the capsule is imbibed by the driving compound, which swells to displace the agent or agent composition through an aperture. These delivery platforms can provide an essentially zero order delivery profile as opposed to the spiked profiles of immediate release formulations. A time-delay material such as glycerol monostearate or glycerol stearate can also be used. Oral compositions can include standard excipients such as mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesium stearate, sodium saccharin, cellulose, and magnesium carbonate. In one embodiment, the excipients are of pharmaceutical grade.

In another embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be formulated for intravenous administration. Typically, compositions for intravenous administration comprise sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. Where necessary, the compositions can also include a solubilizing agent. Compositions for intravenous administration can optionally include a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to lessen pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. Where the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds are to be administered by infusion, they can be dispensed, for example, with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. Where the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds are administered by injection, an ampule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior to administration.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be administered by controlled-release or sustained-release means or by delivery devices that are known to those in the art. Examples include, but are not limited to, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,845,770; 3,916,899; 3,536,809; 3,598,123; 4,008,719; 5,674,533; 5,059,595; 5,591,767; 5,120,548; 5,073,543; 5,639,476; 5,354,556; and 5,733,566, each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Such dosage forms can be used to provide controlled- or sustained-release of one or more active ingredients using, for example, hydropropylmethyl cellulose, other polymer matrices, gels, permeable membranes, osmotic systems, multilayer coatings, microparticles, liposomes, microspheres, or a combination thereof to provide the desired release profile in varying proportions. Suitable controlled- or sustained-release formulations known to those in the art, including those described herein, can be readily selected for use with the active ingredients of the invention. The invention thus encompasses single unit dosage forms suitable for oral administration such as, but not limited to, tablets, capsules, gelcaps, and caplets that are adapted for controlled- or sustained-release.

Controlled- or sustained-release pharmaceutical compositions can have a common goal of improving drug therapy over that achieved by their non-controlled or non-sustained-release counterparts. In one embodiment, a controlled- or sustained-release composition comprises a minimal amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound to treat or prevent the Condition in a minimum amount of time. Advantages of controlled- or sustained-release compositions include extended activity of the drug, reduced dosage frequency, and increased patient compliance. In addition, controlled- or sustained-release compositions can favorably affect the time of onset of action or other characteristics, such as blood levels of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound, and can thus reduce the occurrence of adverse side effects.

Controlled- or sustained-release compositions can initially release an amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound that promptly produces the desired therapeutic or prophylactic effect, and gradually and continually release other amounts of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound to maintain this level of therapeutic or prophylactic effect over an extended period of time. To maintain a constant level of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound in the body, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound can be released from the dosage form at a rate that will replace the amount of Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound being metabolized and excreted from the body. Controlled- or sustained-release of an active ingredient can be stimulated by various conditions, including but not limited to, changes in pH, changes in temperature, concentration or availability of enzymes, concentration or availability of water, or other physiological conditions or compounds.

The amount of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound that is effective for the treatment or prevention of a condition can be determined by standard clinical techniques. In addition, in vitro or in vivo assays can optionally be employed to help identify optimal dosage ranges. The precise dose to be employed will also depend on the route of administration, and the seriousness of the Condition and can be decided according to the judgment of a practitioner and/or each animal's circumstances. Suitable effective dosage amounts, however, range from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 2500 mg/kg of body weight, although they are typically about 100 mg/kg of body weight or less. In one embodiment, the effective dosage amount ranges from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 100 mg/kg of body weight of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound, in another embodiment, about 0.02 mg/kg of body weight to about 50 mg/kg of body weight, and in another embodiment, about 0.025 mg/kg of body weight to about 20 mg/kg of body weight. In one embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 24 h until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 12 h until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 8 h until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 6 h until the Condition is abated. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 4 h until the Condition is abated. The effective dosage amounts described herein refer to total amounts administered; that is, if more than one Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is administered, the effective dosage amounts correspond to the total amount administered.

Where a cell capable of expressing VR1, mGluR5, or mGluR1 is contacted with a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound in vitro, the amount effective for inhibiting the VR1, mGluR5, or mGluR1 receptor function in a cell will typically range from about 0.01 μg/L to about 5 mg/L, in one embodiment, from about 0.01 μg/L to about 2.5 mg/L, in another embodiment, from about 0.01 μg/L to about 0.5 mg/L, and in another embodiment, from about 0.01 μg/L to about 0.25 mg/L of a solution or suspension of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In one embodiment, the volume of solution or suspension comprising the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is from about 0.01 μL to about 1 mL. In another embodiment, the volume of solution or suspension is about 200 μL.

Where a cell capable of expressing VR1, mGluR5, or mGluR1 is contacted with a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound in vivo, the amount effective for inhibiting the receptor function in a cell will typically range from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 2500 mg/kg of body weight, although it typically ranges from about 100 mg/kg of body weight or less. In one embodiment, the effective dosage amount ranges from about 0.01 mg/kg of body weight to about 100 mg/kg of body weight of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound, in another embodiment, about 0.02 mg/kg of body weight to about 50 mg/kg of body weight, and in another embodiment, about 0.025 mg/kg of body weight to about 20 mg/kg of body weight. In one embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 24 h. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 12. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 8. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 6 h. In another embodiment, an effective dosage amount is administered about every 4 h.

The Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds can be assayed in vitro or in vivo for the desired therapeutic or prophylactic activity prior to use in humans. Animal model systems can be used to demonstrate safety and efficacy.

The present methods for treating or preventing a Condition in an animal in need thereof can further comprise administering to the animal being administered a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound another therapeutic agent. In one embodiment, the other therapeutic agent is administered in an effective amount.

The present methods for inhibiting VR1 function in a cell capable of expressing VR1 can further comprise contacting the cell with an effective amount of another therapeutic agent.

The present methods for inhibiting mGluR5 function in a cell capable of expressing mGluR5 can further comprise contacting the cell with an effective amount of another therapeutic agent.

The present methods for inhibiting mGluR1 function in a cell capable of expressing mGluR1 can further comprise contacting the cell with an effective amount of another therapeutic agent.

Effective amounts of the other therapeutic agents are known to those skilled in the art. However, it is within the skilled artisan's purview to determine the other therapeutic agent's optimal effective-amount range. In one embodiment of the invention, where another therapeutic agent is administered to an animal, the minimal effective amount of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is less than its minimal effective amount would be where the other therapeutic agent is not administered. In this embodiment, without being bound by theory, it is believed that the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds and the other therapeutic agent act synergistically to treat or prevent a Condition.

The other therapeutic agent can be, but is not limited to, an opioid agonist, a non-opioid analgesic, a non-steroid anti-inflammatory agent, an antimigraine agent, a Cox-II inhibitor, an antiemetic, a β-adrenergic blocker, an anticonvulsant, an antidepressant, a Ca2+-channel blocker, an anticancer agent, an agent for treating or preventing UI, an agent for treating or preventing an ulcer, an agent for treating or preventing IBD, an agent for treating or preventing IBS, an agent for treating addictive disorder, an agent for treating Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism, an agent for treating anxiety, an agent for treating epilepsy, an agent for treating a stroke, an agent for treating a seizure, an agent for treating a pruritic condition, an agent for treating psychosis, an agent for treating Huntington's chorea, an agent for treating ALS, an agent for treating a cognitive disorder, an agent for treating a migraine, an agent for treating vomiting, an agent for treating dyskinesia, or an agent for treating depression, and mixtures thereof.

Examples of useful opioid agonists include, but are not limited to, alfentanil, allylprodine, alphaprodine, anileridine, benzylmorphine, bezitramide, buprenorphine, butorphanol, clonitazene, codeine, desomorphine, dextromoramide, dezocine, diampromide, diamorphone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, dimenoxadol, dimepheptanol, dimethylthiambutene, dioxaphetyl butyrate, dipipanone, eptazocine, ethoheptazine, ethylmethylthiambutene, ethylmorphine, etonitazene fentanyl, heroin, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, hydroxypethidine, isomethadone, ketobemidone, levorphanol, levophenacylmorphan, lofentanil, meperidine, meptazinol, metazocine, methadone, metopon, morphine, myrophine, nalbuphine, narceine, nicomorphine, norlevorphanol, normethadone, nalorphine, normorphine, norpipanone, opium, oxycodone, oxymorphone, papaveretum, pentazocine, phenadoxone, phenomorphan, phenazocine, phenoperidine, piminodine, piritramide, proheptazine, promedol, properidine, propiram, propoxyphene, sufentanil, tilidine, tramadol, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof.

In certain embodiments, the opioid agonist is selected from codeine, hydromorphone, hydrocodone, oxycodone, dihydrocodeine, dihydromorphine, morphine, tramadol, oxymorphone, pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof.

Examples of useful non-opioid analgesics include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, diclofenac, naproxen, benoxaprofen, flurbiprofen, fenoprofen, flubufen, ketoprofen, indoprofen, piroprofen, carprofen, oxaprozin, pramoprofen, muroprofen, trioxaprofen, suprofen, aminoprofen, tiaprofenic acid, fluprofen, bucloxic acid, indomethacin, sulindac, tolmetin, zomepirac, tiopinac, zidometacin, acemetacin, fentiazac, clidanac, oxpinac, mefenamic acid, meclofenamic acid, flufenamic acid, niflumic acid, tolfenamic acid, diflurisal, flufenisal, piroxicam, sudoxicam, isoxicam, and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, and mixtures thereof. Other suitable non-opioid analgesics include the following, non-limiting, chemical classes of analgesic, antipyretic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: salicylic acid derivatives, including aspirin, sodium salicylate, choline magnesium trisalicylate, salsalate, diflunisal, salicylsalicylic acid, sulfasalazine, and olsalazin; para-aminophennol derivatives including acetaminophen and phenacetin; indole and indene acetic acids, including indomethacin, sulindac, and etodolac; heteroaryl acetic acids, including tolmetin, diclofenac, and ketorolac; anthranilic acids (fenamates), including mefenamic acid and meclofenamic acid; enolic acids, including oxicams (piroxicam, tenoxicam), and pyrazolidinediones (phenylbutazone, oxyphenthartazone); and alkanones, including nabumetone. For a more detailed description of the NSAIDs, see Paul A. Insel, Analgesic-Antipyretic and Anti-inflammatory Agents and Drugs Employed in the Treatment of Gout, in Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics 617-57 (Perry B. Molinhoff and Raymond W. Ruddon eds., 9^(th) ed 1996) and Glen R. Hanson, Analgesic, Antipyretic and Anti-Inflammatory Drugs in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy Vol II 1196-1221 (A. R. Gennaro ed. 19th ed. 1995), which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

Examples of useful Cox-II inhibitors and 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, as well as combinations thereof, are described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,136,839, which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Examples of useful Cox-II inhibitors include, but are not limited to, rofecoxib and celecoxib.

Examples of useful antimigraine agents include, but are not limited to, alpiropride, bromocriptine, dihydroergotamine, dolasetron, ergocomine, ergocorninine, ergocryptine, ergonovine, ergot, ergotamine, flumedroxone acetate, fonazine, ketanserin, lisuride, lomerizine, methylergonovine, methysergide, metoprolol, naratriptan, oxetorone, pizotyline, propranolol, risperidone, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, timolol, trazodone, zolmitriptan, and mixtures thereof.

The other therapeutic agent can also be an antiemetic agent. Examples of useful antiemetic agents include, but are not limited to, metoclopromide, domperidone, prochlorperazine, promethazine, chlorpromazine, trimethobenzamide, ondansetron, granisetron, hydroxyzine, acetylleucine monoethanolamine, alizapride, azasetron, benzquinamide, bietanautine, bromopride, buclizine, clebopride, cyclizine, dimenhydrinate, diphenidol, dolasetron, meclizine, methallatal, metopimazine, nabilone, oxyperndyl, pipamazine, scopolamine, sulpiride, tetrahydrocannabinol, thiethylperazine, thioproperazine, tropisetron, and mixtures thereof.

Examples of useful β-adrenergic blockers include, but are not limited to, acebutolol, alprenolol, amosulabol, arotinolol, atenolol, befunolol, betaxolol, bevantolol, bisoprolol, bopindolol, bucumolol, bufetolol, bufuralol, bunitrolol, bupranolol, butidrine hydrochloride, butofilolol, carazolol, carteolol, carvedilol, celiprolol, cetamolol, cloranolol, dilevalol, epanolol, esmolol, indenolol, labetalol, levobunolol, mepindolol, metipranolol, metoprolol, moprolol, nadolol, nadoxolol, nebivalol, nifenalol, nipradilol, oxprenolol, penbutolol, pindolol, practolol, pronethalol, propranolol, sotalol, sulfinalol, talinolol, tertatolol, tilisolol, timolol, toliprolol, and xibenolol.

Examples of useful anticonvulsants include, but are not limited to, acetylpheneturide, albutoin, aloxidone, aminoglutethimide, 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid, atrolactamide, beclamide, buramate, calcium bromide, carbamazepine, cinromide, clomethiazole, clonazepam, decimemide, diethadione, dimethadione, doxenitroin, eterobarb, ethadione, ethosuximide, ethotoin, felbamate, fluoresone, gabapentin, 5-hydroxytryptophan, lamotrigine, magnesium bromide, magnesium sulfate, mephenyloin, mephobarbital, metharbital, methetoin, methsuximide, 5-methyl-5-(3-phenanthryl)-hydantoin, 3-methyl-5-phenylhydantoin, narcobarbital, nimetazepam, nitrazepam, oxcarbazepine, paramethadione, phenacemide, phenetharbital, pheneturide, phenobarbital, phensuximide, phenylmethylbarbituric acid, phenyloin, phethenylate sodium, potassium bromide, pregabaline, primidone, progabide, sodium bromide, solanum, strontium bromide, suclofenide, sulthiame, tetrantoin, tiagabine, topiramate, trimethadione, valproic acid, valpromide, vigabatrin, and zonisamide.

Examples of useful antidepressants include, but are not limited to, binedaline, caroxazone, citalopram, (S)-citalopram, dimethazan, fencamine, indalpine, indeloxazine hydrocholoride, nefopam, nomifensine, oxitriptan, oxypertine, paroxetine, sertraline, thiazesim, trazodone, benmoxine, iproclozide, iproniazid, isocarboxazid, nialamide, octamoxin, phenelzine, cotinine, rolicyprine, rolipram, maprotiline, metralindole, mianserin, mirtazepine, adinazolam, amitriptyline, amitriptylinoxide, amoxapine, butriptyline, clomipramine, demexiptiline, desipramine, dibenzepin, dimetacrine, dothiepin, doxepin, fluacizine, imipramine, imipramine N-oxide, iprindole, lofepramine, melitracen, metapramine, nortriptyline, noxiptilin, opipramol, pizotyline, propizepine, protriptyline, quinupramine, tianeptine, trimipramine, adrafinil, benactyzine, bupropion, butacetin, dioxadrol, duloxetine, etoperidone, febarbamate, femoxetine, fenpentadiol, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, hematoporphyrin, hypericin, levophacetoperane, medifoxamine, milnacipran, minaprine, moclobemide, nefazodone, oxaflozane, piberaline, prolintane, pyrisuccideanol, ritanserin, roxindole, rubidium chloride, sulpiride, tandospirone, thozalinone, tofenacin, toloxatone, tranylcypromine, L-tryptophan, venlafaxine, viloxazine, and zimeldine.

Examples of useful Ca2+-channel blockers include, but are not limited to, bepridil, clentiazem, diltiazem, fendiline, gallopamil, mibefradil, prenylamine, semotiadil, terodiline, verapamil, amlodipine, aranidipine, barnidipine, benidipine, cilnidipine, efonidipine, elgodipine, felodipine, isradipine, lacidipine, lercanidipine, manidipine, nicardipine, nifedipine, nilvadipine, nimodipine, nisoldipine, nitrendipine, cinnarizine, flunarizine, lidoflazine, lomerizine, bencyclane, etafenone, fantofarone, and perhexiline.

Examples of useful anticancer agents include, but are not limited to, acivicin, aclarubicin, acodazole hydrochloride, acronine, adozelesin, aldesleukin, altretamine, ambomycin, ametantrone acetate, aminoglutethimide, amsacrine, anastrozole, anthramycin, asparaginase, asperlin, azacitidine, azetepa, azotomycin, batimastat, benzodepa, bicalutamide, bisantrene hydrochloride, bisnafide dimesylate, bizelesin, bleomycin sulfate, brequinar sodium, bropirimine, busulfan, cactinomycin, calusterone, caracemide, carbetimer, carboplatin, carmustine, carubicin hydrochloride, carzelesin, cedefingol, chlorambucil, cirolemycin, cisplatin, cladribine, crisnatol mesylate, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, dacarbazine, dactinomycin, daunorubicin hydrochloride, decitabine, dexormaplatin, dezaguanine, dezaguanine mesylate, diaziquone, docetaxel, doxorubicin, doxorubicin hydrochloride, droloxifene, droloxifene citrate, dromostanolone propionate, duazomycin, edatrexate, eflomithine hydrochloride, elsamitrucin, enloplatin, enpromate, epipropidine, epirubicin hydrochloride, erbulozole, esorubicin hydrochloride, estramustine, estramustine phosphate sodium, etanidazole, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, etoprine, fadrozole hydrochloride, fazarabine, fenretinide, floxuridine, fludarabine phosphate, fluorouracil, flurocitabine, fosquidone, fostriecin sodium, gemcitabine, gemcitabine hydrochloride, hydroxyurea, idarubicin hydrochloride, ifosfamide, ilmofosine, interleukin II (including recombinant interleukin II or rIL2), interferon alpha-2a, interferon alpha-2b, interferon alpha-n1, interferon alpha-n3, interferon beta-I a, interferon gamma-I b, iproplatin, irinotecan hydrochloride, lanreotide acetate, letrozole, leuprolide acetate, liarozole hydrochloride, lometrexol sodium, lomustine, losoxantrone hydrochloride, masoprocol, maytansine, mechlorethamine hydrochloride, megestrol acetate, melengestrol acetate, melphalan, menogaril, mercaptopurine, methotrexate, methotrexate sodium, metoprine, meturedepa, mitindomide, mitocarcin, mitocromin, mitogillin, mitomalcin, mitomycin, mitosper, mitotane, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, mycophenolic acid, nocodazole, nogalamycin, ormaplatin, oxisuran, paclitaxel, pegaspargase, peliomycin, pentamustine, peplomycin sulfate, perfosfamide, pipobroman, piposulfan, piroxantrone hydrochloride, plicamycin, plomestane, porfimer sodium, porfiromycin, prednimustine, procarbazine hydrochloride, puromycin, puromycin hydrochloride, pyrazofurin, riboprine, rogletimide, safingol, safingol hydrochloride, semustine, simtrazene, sparfosate sodium, sparsomycin, spirogermanium hydrochloride, spiromustine, spiroplatin, streptonigrin, streptozocin, sulofenur, talisomycin, tecogalan sodium, tegafur, teloxantrone hydrochloride, temoporfin, teniposide, teroxirone, testolactone, thiamiprine, thioguanine, thiotepa, tiazofurin, tirapazamine, toremifene citrate, trestolone acetate, triciribine phosphate, trimetrexate, trimetrexate glucuronate, triptorelin, tubulozole hydrochloride, uracil mustard, uredepa, vapreotide, verteporfin, vinblastine sulfate, vincristine sulfate, vindesine, vindesine sulfate, vinepidine sulfate, vinglycinate sulfate, vinleurosine sulfate, vinorelbine tartrate, vinrosidine sulfate, vinzolidine sulfate, vorozole, zeniplatin, zinostatin, zorubicin hydrochloride.

Examples of other anti-cancer drugs include, but are not limited to, 20-epi-1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-ethynyluracil; abiraterone; aclarubicin; acylfulvene; adecypenol; adozelesin; aldesleukin; ALL-TK antagonists; altretamine; ambamustine; amidox; amifostine; aminolevulinic acid; amrubicin; amsacrine; anagrelide; anastrozole; andrographolide; angiogenesis inhibitors; antagonist D; antagonist G; antarelix; anti-dorsalizing morphogenetic protein-1; antiandrogen, prostatic carcinoma; antiestrogen; antineoplaston; antisense oligonucleotides; aphidicolin glycinate; apoptosis gene modulators; apoptosis regulators; apurinic acid; ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; arginine deaminase; asulacrine; atamestane; atrimustine; axinastatin 1; axinastatin 2; axinastatin 3; azasetron; azatoxin; azatyrosine; baccatin III derivatives; balanol; batimastat; BCR/ABL antagonists; benzochlorins; benzoylstaurosporine; beta lactam derivatives; beta-alethine; betaclamycin B; betulinic acid; bFGF inhibitor; bicalutamide; bisantrene; bisaziridinylspermine; bisnafide; bistratene A; bizelesin; breflate; bropirimine; budotitane; buthionine sulfoximine; calcipotriol; calphostin C; camptothecin derivatives; canarypox IL-2; capecitabine; carboxamide-amino-triazole; carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest M3; CARN 700; cartilage derived inhibitor; carzelesin; casein kinase inhibitors (ICOS); castanospermine; cecropin B; cetrorelix; chlorlns; chloroquinoxaline sulfonamide; cicaprost; cis-porphyrin; cladribine; clomifene analogues; clotrimazole; collismycin A; collismycin B; combretastatin A4; combretastatin analogue; conagenin; crambescidin 816; crisnatol; cryptophycin 8; cryptophycin A derivatives; curacin A; cyclopentanthraquinones; cycloplatam; cypemycin; cytarabine ocfosfate; cytolytic factor; cytostatin; dacliximab; decitabine; dehydrodidemniin B; deslorelin; dexamethasone; dexifosfamide; dexrazoxane; dexverapamil; diaziquone; didemnin B; didox; diethylnorspermine; dihydro-5-azacytidine; 9-dihydrotaxol; dioxamycin; diphenyl spiromustine; docetaxel; docosanol; dolasetron; doxifluridine; droloxifene; dronabinol; duocarmycin SA; ebselen; ecomustine; edelfosine; edrecolomab; eflornithine; elemene; emitefur; epirubicin; epristeride; estramustine analogue; estrogen agonists; estrogen antagonists; etanidazole; etoposide phosphate; exemestane; fadrozole; fazarabine; fenretinide; filgrastim; finasteride; flavopiridol; flezelastine; fluasterone; fludarabine; fluorodaunorunicin hydrochloride; forfenimex; formestane; fostriecin; fotemustine; gadolinium texaphyrin; gallium nitrate; galocitabine; ganirelix; gelatinase inhibitors; gemcitabine; glutathione inhibitors; hepsulfam; heregulin; hexamethylene bisacetamide; hypericin; ibandronic acid; idarubicin; idoxifene; idramantone; ilmofosine; ilomastat; imidazoacridones; imiquimod; immunostimulant peptides; insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor inhibitor; interferon agonists; interferons; interleukins; iobenguane; iododoxorubicin; 4-ipomeanol; iroplact; irsogladine; isobengazole; isohomohalicondrin B; itasetron; jasplakinolide; kahalalide F; lamellarin-N triacetate; lanreotide; leinamycin; lenograstim; lentinan sulfate; leptolstatin; letrozole; leukemia inhibiting factor; leukocyte alpha interferon; leuprolide+estrogen+progesterone; leuprorelin; levamisole; liarozole; linear polyamine analogue; lipophilic disaccharide peptide; lipophilic platinum compounds; lissoclinamide 7; lobaplatin; lombricine; lometrexol; lonidamine; losoxantrone; lovastatin; loxoribine; lurtotecan; lutetium texaphyrin; lysofylline; lytic peptides; maitansine; mannostatin A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; matrilysin inhibitors; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors; menogaril; merbarone; meterelin; methioninase; metoclopramide; MIF inhibitor; niifepristone; miltefosine; mirimostim; mismatched double stranded RNA; mitoguazone; mitolactol; mitomycin analogues; mitonafide; mitotoxin fibroblast growth factor-saporin; mitoxantrone; mofarotene; molgramostim; monoclonal antibody, human chorionic gonadotrophin; monophosphoryl lipid A+myobacterium cell wall sk; mopidamol; multiple drug resistance gene inhibitor; multiple tumor suppressor 1-based therapy; mustard anticancer agent; mycaperoxide B; mycobacterial cell wall extract; myriaporone; N-acetyldinaline; N-substituted benzamides; nafarelin; nagrestip; naloxone+pentazocine; napavin; naphterpin; nartograstim; nedaplatin; nemorubicin; neridronic acid; neutral endopeptidase; nilutamide; nisamycin; nitric oxide modulators; nitroxide antioxidant; nitrullyn; O6-benzylguanine; octreotide; okicenone; oligonucleotides; onapristone; ondansetron; ondansetron; oracin; oral cytokine inducer; ormaplatin; osaterone; oxaliplatin; oxaunomycin; paclitaxel; paclitaxel analogues; paclitaxel derivatives; palauamine; palmitoylrhizoxin; pamidronic acid; panaxytriol; panomifene; parabactin; pazelliptine; pegaspargase; peldesine; pentosan polysulfate sodium; pentostatin; pentrozole; perflubron; perfosfamide; perillyl alcohol; phenazinomycin; phenylacetate; phosphatase inhibitors; picibanil; pilocarpine hydrochloride; pirarubicin; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B; plasminogen activator inhibitor; platinum complex; platinum compounds; platinum-triamine complex; porfimer sodium; porfiromycin; prednisone; propyl bis-acridone; prostaglandin J2; proteasome inhibitors; protein A-based immune modulator; protein kinase C inhibitor; protein kinase C inhibitors, microalgal; protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors; purine nucleoside phosphorylase inhibitors; purpurins; pyrazoloacridine; pyridoxylated hemoglobin polyoxyethylene conjugate; raf antagonists; raltitrexed; ramosetron; ras farnesyl protein transferase inhibitors; ras inhibitors; ras-GAP inhibitor; retelliptine demethylated; rhenium Re 186 etidronate; rhizoxin; ribozymes; RII retinamide; rogletimide; rohitukine; romurtide; roquinimex; rubiginone B1; ruboxyl; safingol; saintopin; SarCNU; sarcophytol A; sargramostim; Sdi 1 mimetics; semustine; senescence derived inhibitor 1; sense oligonucleotides; signal transduction inhibitors; signal transduction modulators; single chain antigen binding protein; sizofuran; sobuzoxane; sodium borocaptate; sodium phenylacetate; solverol; somatomedin binding protein; sonermin; sparfosic acid; spicamycin D; spiromustine; splenopentin; spongistatin 1; squalamine; stem cell inhibitor; stem-cell division inhibitors; stipiamide; stromelysin inhibitors; sulfinosine; superactive vasoactive intestinal peptide antagonist; suradista; suramin; swainsonine; synthetic glycosaminoglycans; tallimustine; tamoxifen methiodide; tauromustine; tazarotene; tecogalan sodium; tegafur; tellurapyrylium; telomerase inhibitors; temoporfin; temozolomide; teniposide; tetrachlorodecaoxide; tetrazomine; thaliblastine; thiocoraline; thrombopoietin; thrombopoietin mimetic; thymalfasin; thymopoietin receptor agonist; thymotrinan; thyroid stimulating hormone; tin ethyl etiopurpurin; tirapazamine; titanocene bichloride; topsentin; toremifene; totipotent stem cell factor; translation inhibitors; tretinoin; triacetyluridine; triciribine; trimetrexate; triptorelin; tropisetron; turosteride; tyrosine kinase inhibitors; tyrphostins; UBC inhibitors; ubenimex; urogenital sinus-derived growth inhibitory factor; urokinase receptor antagonists; vapreotide; variolin B; vector system, erythrocyte gene therapy; velaresol; veramine; verdins; verteporfin; vinorelbine; vinxaltine; vitaxin; vorozole; zanoterone; zeniplatin; zilascorb; and zinostatin stimalamer.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing UI include, but are not limited to, propantheline, imipramine, hyoscyamine, oxybutynin, and dicyclomine.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing an ulcer include, antacids such as aluminum hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, and calcium bicarbonate; sucraflate; bismuth compounds such as bismuth subsalicylate and bismuth subcitrate; H₂ antagonists such as cimetidine, ranitidine, famotidine, and nizatidine; H⁺, K⁺-ATPase inhibitors such as omeprazole, iansoprazole, and lansoprazole; carbenoxolone; misprostol; and antibiotics such as tetracycline, metronidazole, timidazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing IBD include, but are not limited to, anticholinergic drugs; diphenoxylate; loperamide; deodorized opium tincture; codeine; broad-spectrum antibiotics such as metronidazole; sulfasalazine; olsalazie; mesalamine; prednisone; azathioprine; mercaptopurine; and methotrexate.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing IBS include, but are not limited to, propantheline; muscarine receptor antogonists such as pirenzapine, methoctramine, ipratropium, tiotropium, scopolamine, methscopolamine, homatropine, homatropine methylbromide, and methantheline; and antidiarrheal drugs such as diphenoxylate and loperamide.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing an addictive disorder include, but are not limited to, methadone, desipramine, amantadine, fluoxetine, buprenorphine, an opiate agonist, 3-phenoxypyridine, levomethadyl acetate hydrochloride, and serotonin antagonists.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism include, but are not limited to, carbidopallevodopa, pergolide, bromocriptine, ropinirole, pramipexole, entacapone, tolcapone, selegiline, amantadine, and trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing anxiety include, but are not limited to, benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, brotizolam, chlordiazepoxide, clobazam, clonazepam, clorazepate, demoxepam, diazepam, estazolam, flumazenil, flurazepam, halazepam, lorazepam, midazolam, nitrazepam, nordazepam, oxazepam, prazepam, quazepam, temazepam, and triazolam; non-benzodiazepine agents, such as buspirone, gepirone, ipsaprione, tiospirone, zolpicone, zolpidem, and zaleplon; tranquilizers, such as barbituates, e.g., amobarbital, aprobarbital, butabarbital, butalbital, mephobarbital, methohexital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, secobarbital, and thiopental; and propanediol carbamates, such as meprobamate and tybamate.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing epilepsy include, but are not limited to, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrignine, phenobarbital, phenyloin, primidone, valproic acid, trimethadione, bemzodiaepines, gabapentin, lamotrigine, γ-vinyl GABA, acetazolamide, and felbamate.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing stroke include, but are not limited to, anticoagulants such as heparin, agents that break up clots such as streptokinase or tissue plasminogen activator, agents that reduce swelling such as mannitol or corticosteroids, and acetylsalicylic acid.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing a seizure include, but are not limited to, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, gabapentin, lamotrignine, phenobarbital, phenyloin, primidone, valproic acid, trimethadione, bemzodiaepines, gabapentin, lamotrigine, γ-vinyl GABA, acetazolamide, and felbamate.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing a pruritic condition include, but are not limited to, naltrexone; nalmefene; danazol; tricyclics such as amitriptyline, imipramine, and doxepin; antidepressants such as those given below, menthol; camphor; phenol; pramoxine; capsaicin; tar; steroids; and antihistamines.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing psychosis include, but are not limited to, phenothiazines such as chlorpromazine hydrochloride, mesoridazine besylate, and thoridazine hydrochloride; thioxanthenes such as chloroprothixene and thiothixene hydrochloride; clozapine; risperidone; olanzapine; quetiapine; quetiapine fumarate; haloperidol; haloperidol decanoate; loxapine succinate; molindone hydrochloride; pimozide; and ziprasidone.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing Huntington's chorea include, but are not limited to, haloperidol and pimozide.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing ALS include, but are not limited to, baclofen, neurotrophic factors, riluzole, tizanidine, benzodiazepines such as clonazepan and dantrolene.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing cognitive disorders include, but are not limited to, agents for treating or preventing dementia such as tacrine; donepezil; ibuprofen; antipsychotic drugs such as thioridazine and haloperidol; and antidepressant drugs such as those given below.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing a migraine include, but are not limited to, sumatriptan; methysergide; ergotamine; caffeine; and beta-blockers such as propranolol, verapamil, and divalproex.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing vomiting include, but are not limited to, 5-HT₃ receptor antagonists such as ondansetron, dolasetron, granisetron, and tropisetron; dopamine receptor antagonists such as prochlorperazine, thiethylperazine, chlorpromazin, metoclopramide, and domperidone; glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone; and benzodiazepines such as lorazepam and alprazolam.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing dyskinesia include, but are not limited to, reserpine and tetrabenazine.

Examples of useful therapeutic agents for treating or preventing depression include, but are not limited to, tricyclic antidepressants such as amitryptyline, amoxapine, bupropion, clomipramine, desipramine, doxepin, imipramine, maprotilinr, nefazadone, nortriptyline, protriptyline, trazodone, trimipramine, and venlaflaxine; selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors such as citalopram, (S)-citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and setraline; monoamine oxidase inhibitors such as isocarboxazid, pargyline, phenelzine, and tranylcypromine; and psychostimulants such as dextroamphetamine and methylphenidate.

A Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound and the other therapeutic agent can act additively or, in one embodiment, synergistically. In one embodiment, a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is administered concurrently with another therapeutic agent, for example, a composition comprising an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound and an effective amount of another therapeutic agent can be administered. Alternatively, a composition comprising an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound and a different composition comprising an effective amount of another therapeutic agent can be concurrently administered. In another embodiment, an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is administered prior or subsequent to administration of an effective amount of another therapeutic agent. In this embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is administered while the other therapeutic agent exerts its therapeutic effect, or the other therapeutic agent is administered while the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound exerts its therapeutic effect for treating or preventing a Condition.

A composition of the invention is prepared by a method comprising admixing a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Admixing can be accomplished using methods known for admixing a compound (or salt) and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. In one embodiment, the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound is present in the composition in an effective amount.

4.9 Kits

The invention encompasses kits that can simplify the administration of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound to an animal.

A typical kit of the invention comprises a unit dosage form of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound. In one embodiment, the unit dosage form is a container, which can be sterile, containing an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. The kit can further comprise a label or printed instructions instructing the use of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound to treat a Condition. The kit can also further comprise a unit dosage form of another therapeutic agent, for example, a second container containing an effective amount of the other therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. In another embodiment, the kit comprises a container containing an effective amount of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound, an effective amount of another therapeutic agent and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. Examples of other therapeutic agents include, but are not limited to, those listed above.

Kits of the invention can further comprise a device that is useful for administering the unit dosage forms. Examples of such a device include, but are not limited to, a syringe, a drip bag, a patch, an inhaler, and an enema bag.

The following examples are set forth to assist in understanding the invention and should not be construed as specifically limiting the invention described and claimed herein. Such variations of the invention, including the substitution of all equivalents now known or later developed, which would be within the purview of those skilled in the art, and changes in formulation or changes in experimental design, are to be considered to fall within the scope of the invention incorporated herein.

5. EXAMPLES

Examples 1-8 relate to the synthesis of illustrative Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds.

5.1 Example 1 Synthesis of Compound E14(a)

2,3-Dichloropyridine (5) (5 g) and piperazine (6) (8 g, 94.5 mmol) (each commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich) was dissolved in 70 mL of DMF. To the resulting solution was added DIEA (12.21 g, 94.5 mmol) and the resulting reaction was mixture allowed to stir at a temperature of about 150° C. for about 15 h. Water (100 mL) and ethyl acetate (150 mL) were added to the reaction mixture and the organic phase and aqueous phases were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted twice with ethyl acetate (about 100 mL/extraction) and the ethyl acetate layers were combined. The combined ethyl acetate layers were then washed with water (50 mL), washed with brine (50 mL), and dried (Na₂SO₄). The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to provide a residue that was purified using column chromatography (silica gel eluted with 20% methanol in ethyl acetate) to provide the compound of formula 4 (5.2 g, 81% yield).

4-Iso-propyl aniline (1) (0.5 g, 3.6 mmol) and 1,1-bis(methylthio)-2-nitroethylene (H) (0.61 g, 3.6 mmol) (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich) were dissolved in ethanol and the resulting solution heated at reflux temperature for about 2 h. The solvent was removed under reduced pressure to provide a residue that was purified using column chromatography (silica gel with gradient elution from 10% ethyl acetate in hexane to 20% ethyl acetate in hexane) to provide a compound of formula 3 as a yellow solid (85 mg, 93% yield).

The compound of formula 3 and a compound of formula 4 were dissolved in 50 mL of ethanol and the resulting solution heated at reflux temperature for about 2 h. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure to provide a residue. The residue was purified using column chromatography (silica gel with gradient elution from 20% ethyl acetate in hexane to 50% ethyl acetate in hexane) to provide Compound E14(a) as a yellow solid (55 mg, 68% yield). The identity of Compound E14(a) was confirmed using ¹H NMR and mass spectrometry (MS).

Compound E14(a): ¹H NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ 1.3 (bs, 6H), 2.72 (m, 1H), 3.33 (bd, 4H), 3.45 (bd, 4H), 6.72 (s,1H), 6.91 (m, 1H), 7.15 (d, 2H), 7.26 (t, 2H), 7.65 (t, 1H), 8.22 (t, 1H), 11.09 (s, 1H) ppm.

MS (EI): m/z=401 (m+1).

5.2 Example 2 Synthesis of Compound E1(a)

Compound E1(a) was prepared by a procedure that is analogous to that used to prepare Compound E14(a) except that 4-tert-butyl aniline (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich) was used in place of 4-iso-propyl aniline. The identity of Compound E1(a) was confirmed using ¹H NMR and MS.

Compound E1(a): ¹H NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ 1.3 (s, 9H), 3.33-3.75 (bd, 4H), 3.40-3.45 (bd, 4H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 6.91 (m,1H), 7.35 (d, 2H), 7.45 (t, 2H), 7.65 (t, 1H), 8.22 (t, 1H), 11.09 (s, 1H) ppm.

MS (EI): m/z=415 (m+1).

5.3 Example 3 Synthesis of Compound E141(a)

Compound E141(a) was prepared by a procedure that is analogous to that used to prepare Compound E1(a) except that 4,5-dichloropyrimidine was used in place of 2,3-dichloropyridine. The identity of Compound E141(a) was confirmed using ¹H NMR and MS.

Compound E141(a): ¹H NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ 1.3 (s, 9H), 3.32-3.34 (bd, 4H), 3.35-3.36 (bd, 4H), 6.72 (s, 1H), 7.25 (d, 2H), 7.45 (d, 2H), 7.99 (s, 1H), 8.22 (s, 1H), 11.19 (s, 1H) ppm.

MS (EI): m/z=416 (m+1).

5.4 Example 4 Synthesis of Compound E7(a)

Compound E7(a) was prepared by a procedure that is analogous to that used to prepare Compound E14(a) except that 4-trifluoromethyl aniline was used in place of 4-iso-propyl aniline. The identity of Compound E7(a) was confirmed using ¹H NMR and MS.

Compound E7(a): ¹H NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ 3.25-4.25 (bm, 8H), 5.68 (s, 1H), 7.23 (m, 1H), 7.35 (m, 2H), 7.88 (t, 2H), 7.91 (m, 1H), 7.22 (t, 1H), 10.01 (s, 1H) ppm.

MS (EI): m/z=427 (m+1).

5.5 Example 5 Synthesis of Compound E267(a)

Compound E267(a) was prepared by a procedure that is analogous to that used to prepare Compound E1(a) except that 4,5-dichloro-2-thia-1,3-diazole was used in place of 2,3-dichloropyridine. The identity of Compound E267(a) was confirmed using ¹H NMR and MS.

Compound E267(a): ¹H NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ 1.3 (s, 9H), 3.12-3.14 (bd, 4H), 3.25-3.26 (bd, 4H), 6.52 (s, 1H), 7.15 (d, 2H), 7.45 (d, 2H), 11.20 (s, 1H)

MS (EI): m/z=422 (m+1).

5.6 Example 6 Synthesis of Compound E1(c)

Compound E1(c) was prepared by a procedure that is analogous to that used to prepare Compound E1(a) except that (R)-2-methylpiperazine (commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich) was used in place of piperazine. The identity of Compound E1(c) was confirmed using ¹H NMR and MS.

Compound E1(c): ¹H NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ 1.3 (s, 9H), 1.52 (t, 3H), 2.85-2.87 (bm, 2H), 3.25-3.27 (bm, 3H), 3.68 (s, 1H), 3.72 (s,1H), 6.58 (s, 1H), 6.75 (m, 1H), 7.12 (m, 2H), 7.55 (t, 2H), 7.79 (t, 1H), 8.25 (s, 1H), 11.35 (s, 1H) ppm.

MS (EI): m/z=429 (m+1).

5.7 Example 7 Synthesis of Compound E43(a)

Compound E43(a) was prepared by a procedure that is analogous to that used to prepare Compound E1(a) except that 2-chloro-3-trifluoromethylpyridine was used in place of 2,3-dichloropyridine. The identity of Compound E43(a) was confirmed using ¹H NMR and MS.

Compound E43(a): ¹H NMR (400 MHz CD₃OD): δ 1.35 (s, 9H), 3.54 (t, 4H), 3.60 (t, 4H), 6.55 (s, 1H), 7.12 (m, 1H), 7.21 (t,2H), 7.49 (t, 2H), 7.78 (d, 1H), 8.45 (s, 1H), 11.05 (s, 1H) ppm.

MS (EI): m/z=449 (m+1).

5.8 Example 8 Synthesis of Compound D1(a)

tert-Butyl isocyanate, 5, (0.353 g, 2.5. mmol) (commercially available from Lancaster Chemicals of Windham, N.H. (www.lancastersynthesis.com)); 4-tert-butyl isothiocyanate, 6, (commercially available from Transworld Chemicals, Inc. of Rockville, Md.)), and DIEA (0.87 mL, 5 mmol) were dissolved in DMF and the resulting solution was stirred for about 16 h at 25° C. to provide compound 7. The reaction was monitored using high pressure liquid chromatography until the reaction was complete. When the reaction was complete, piperazine 4 (0.593 g, 3 mmol) and DIC (0.568 g, 4.5 mmol) were added to the reaction mixture and the reaction mixture was allowed to stir for about 18 h at a temperature of about 25° C. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure to provide a residue. The resulting residue was purified using silica gel column chromatography eluted with a gradient of 5:95 ethyl acetate:hexane to 20:80 ethyl acetate:hexaneto provide Compound D1(a) as a solid (110 mg, 9% yield). The identity of Compound D1(a) was confirmed using ¹H NMR and MS.

Compound D1(a): ¹H NMR (400 MHz CDCl₃): δ 1.3 (s, 9H), 1.51 and 1.58 (s, 9H), 3.35-3.40 (m, 4H), 3.43-3.48 (m, 4H), 6.85 (dd, 1H), 6.95 (d, 2H), 7.37 (d, 2H), 7.58 (dd, 1H), 8.14 (dd, 1H), 9.85 (s, 1H) ppm.

MS (EI): m/z=496 (m+1).

5.9 Example 9 Binding of Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds to mGluR5

The following assay can be used to demonstrate that Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds bind to mGluR5 and, accordingly, are useful for treating or preventing, e.g., pain.

Cell Cultures: Primary glial cultures are prepared from cortices of Sprague-Dawley 18 days old embryos. The cortices are dissected and then dissociated by trituration. The resulting cell homogenate is plated onto poly-D-lysine precoated T175 flasks (BIOCOAT, commercially available from Becton Dickinson and Company Inc. of Franklin Lakes, N.J.) in Dulbelcco's Modified Eagle's Medium (“DMEM,” pH 7.4), buffered with 25 mM HEPES, and supplemented with 15% fetal calf serum (“FCS,” commercially available from Hyclone Laboratories Inc. of Omaha, Nebr.), and incubated at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. After 24 h, FCS supplementation is reduced to 10%. On day six, oligodendrocytes and microglia are removed by strongly tapping the sides of the flasks. One day following this purification step, secondary astrocytes cultures are established by subplating onto 96 poly-D-lysine precoated T175 flasks (BIOCOAT) at a density of 65,000 cells/well in DMEM and 10% FCS. After 24 h, the astrocytes are washed with serum free medium and then cultured in DMEM, without glutamate, supplemented with 0.5% FCS, 20 mM HEPES, 10 ng/mL epidermal growth factor (“EGF”), 1 mM sodium pyruvate, and 1× penicillin/streptomycin at pH 7.5 for 3 to 5 days at 37° C. and 5% CO₂. The procedure allows the expression of the mGluR5 receptor by astrocytes, as demonstrated by S. Miller et al., J. Neuroscience 15(9):6103-6109 (1995).

Assay Protocol: After 3-5 days incubation with EGF, the astrocytes are washed with 127 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 700 mM NaH₂PO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM NaHCO₃, 8 mM HEPES, 10 mM Glucose at pH 7.4 (“Assay Buffer”) and loaded with the dye Fluo-4 (commercially available from Molecular Probes Inc. of Eugene, Oreg.) using 0.1 mL of Assay Buffer containing Fluo-4 (3 mM final). After 90 minutes of dye loading, the cells are then washed twice with 0.2 mL Assay Buffer and resuspended in 0.1 mL of Assay Buffer. The plates containing the astrocytes are then transferred to a Fluorometric Imaging Plate reader (“FLIPR,” commercially available from Molecular Devices Corporation of Sunnyvale, Calif.) for the assessment of calcium mobilization flux in the presence of glutamate and in the presence or absence of antagonist. After monitoring fluorescence for 15 seconds to establish a base line, DMSO solutions containing various concentrations of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds diluted in Assay Buffer (0.05 mL of 4× dilutions for competition curves) are added to the cell plate and fluorescence is monitored for 2 minutes. 0.05 mL of a 4× glutamate solution (agonist) is then added to each well to provide a final glutamate concentration in each well of 10 mM. Plate fluorescence is then monitored for an additional 60 seconds after agonist addition. The final DMSO concentration in the assay is 1.0%. In each experiment, fluorescence is monitored as a function of time and the data analyzed using Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism. Dose-response curves are fit using a non-linear regression to determine the IC₅₀ value. In each experiment, each data point is determined two times.

5.10 Example 10 In Vivo Assays for Prevention or Treatment of Pain

Test Animals: Each experiment uses rats weighing between 200-260 g at the start of the experiment. The rats are group-housed and have free access to food and water at all times, except prior to oral administration of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound when food is removed for 16 h before dosing. A control group acts as a comparison to rats treated with a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound. The control group is administered the carrier for the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound. The volume of carrier administered to the control group is the same as the volume of carrier and Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound administered to the test group.

Acute Pain: To assess the actions of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds for the treatment or prevention of acute pain, the rat tail flick test can be used. Rats are Rats are gently restrained by hand and the tail exposed to a focused beam of radiant heat at a point 5 cm from the tip using a tail flick unit (Model 7360, commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy). Tail flick latencies are defined as the interval between the onset of the thermal stimulus and the flick of the tail. Animals not responding within 20 seconds are removed from the tail flick unit and assigned a withdrawal latency of 20 seconds. Tail flick latencies are measured immediately before (pre-treatment) and 1, 3, and 5 hours following administration of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound. Data are expressed as tail flick latency(s) and the percentage of the maximal possible effect (% MPE), i.e., 20 seconds, is calculated as follows: ${\%{\quad\quad}{Reversal}} = {\frac{\left\lbrack {\left( {{post}\quad{administration}\quad{PWT}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\quad{PWT}} \right)} \right\rbrack}{\left\lbrack {\left( {{baseline}\quad{PWT}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}{\quad\quad}{PWT}} \right)} \right\rbrack} \times 100}$ The rat tail flick test is described in F. E. D'Amour et al., “A Method for Determining Loss of Pain Sensation,” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 72:74-79 (1941).

Acute pain can also be assessed by measuring the animal's response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining the paw withdrawal threshold (“PWT”), as described below.

Inflammatory Pain: To assess the actions of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds for the treatment or prevention of inflammatory pain the Freund's complete adjuvant (“FCA”) model of inflammatory pain is used. FCA-induced inflammation of the rat hind paw is associated with the development of persistent inflammatory mechanical hyperalgesia and provides reliable prediction of the anti-hyperalgesic action of clinically useful analgesic drugs (L. Bartho et al., “Involvement of Capsaicin-sensitive Neurones in Hyperalgesia and Enhanced Opioid Antinociception in Inflammation,” Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 342:666-670 (1990)). The left hind paw of each animal is administered a 50 μL intraplantar injection of 50% FCA. 24 h post injection, the animal is assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining the PWT, as described below. Rats are then administered a single injection of 1, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg of either a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound; 30 mg/kg of a control selected from Celebrex, indomethacin or naproxen; or carrier. Responses to noxious mechanical stimuli are then determined 1, 3, 5, and 24 h post administration. Percentage reversal of hyperalgesia for each animal is defined as: ${\%{\quad\quad}{Reversal}} = {\frac{\left\lbrack {\left( {{post}\quad{administration}\quad{PWT}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\quad{PWT}} \right)} \right\rbrack}{\left\lbrack {\left( {{baseline}\quad{PWT}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}{\quad\quad}{PWT}} \right)} \right\rbrack} \times 100}$

Neuropathic Pain: To assess the actions of the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds for the treatment or prevention of neuropathic pain either the Seltzer model or the Chung model can be used.

In the Seltzer model, the partial sciatic nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain is used to produce neuropathic hyperalgesia in rats (Z. Seltzer et al., “A Novel Behavioral Model of Neuropathic Pain Disorders Produced in Rats by Partial Sciatic Nerve Injury,” Pain 43:205-218 (1990)). Partial ligation of the left sciatic nerve is performed under enflurane/O₂ inhalation anaesthesia. Following induction of anesthesia, the left thigh of the rat is shaved and the sciatic nerve exposed at high thigh level through a small incision and is carefully cleared of surrounding connective tissues at a site near the trocanther just distal to the point at which the posterior biceps semitendinosus nerve branches off of the common sciatic nerve. A 7-0 silk suture is inserted into the nerve with a ⅜ curved, reversed-cutting mini-needle and tightly ligated so that the dorsal ⅓ to ½ of the nerve thickness is held within the ligature. The wound is closed with a single muscle suture (4-0 nylon (Vicryl)) and vetbond tissue glue. Following surgery, the wound area is dusted with antibiotic powder. Sham-treated rats undergo an identical surgical procedure except that the sciatic nerve is not manipulated. Following surgery, animals are weighed and placed on a warm pad until they recover from anesthesia. Animals are then returned to their home cages until behavioral testing begins. The animal is assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining PWT, as described below, prior to surgery (baseline), then immediately prior to and 1, 3, and 5 h after drug administration for the rear paw of the animal. Percentage reversal of neuropathic hyperalgesia is defined as: ${\%\quad{MPE}} = {\frac{\left\lbrack {\left( {{post}\quad{administration}\quad{latency}} \right) - \left( {{pre}\text{-}{administration}\quad{latency}} \right)} \right\rbrack}{\left( {20\quad s\quad{pre}\text{-}{administration}\quad{latency}} \right)} \times 100}$

In the Chung model, the spinal nerve ligation model of neuropathic pain is used to produce mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia and tactile allodynia in rats. Surgery is performed under isoflurane/O₂ inhalation anaesthesia. Following induction of anaesthesia a 3 cm incision is made and the left paraspinal muscles are separated from the spinous process at the L₄-S₂ levels. The L₆ transverse process is carefully removed with a pair of small rongeurs to identify visually the L₄-L₆ spinal nerves. The left L₅ (or L₅ and L₆) spinal nerve(s) is isolated and tightly ligated with silk thread. A complete hemostasis is confirmed and the wound is sutured using non-absorbable sutures, such as nylon sutures or stainless steel staples. Sham-treated rats undergo an identical surgical procedure except that the spinal nerve(s) is not manipulated. Following surgery animals are weighed, administered a subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of saline or ringers lactate, the wound area is dusted with antibiotic powder and they are kept on a warm pad until they recover from the anesthesia. Animals are then be returned to their home cages until behavioral testing begins. The animals are assessed for response to noxious mechanical stimuli by determining PWT, as described below, prior to surgery (baseline), then immediately prior to and 1, 3, and 5 h after being administered a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound for the left rear paw of the animal. The animal can also be assessed for response to noxious thermal stimuli or for tactile allodynia, as described below. The Chung model for neuropathic pain is described in S. H. Kim, “An Experimental Model for Peripheral Neuropathy Produced by Segmental Spinal Nerve Ligation in the Rat,” Pain 50(3):355-363 (1992).

Response to Mechanical Stimuli as an Assessment of Mechanical Hyperalgesia: The paw pressure assay can be used to assess mechanical hyperalgesia. For this assay, hind paw withdrawal thresholds (PWT) to a noxious mechanical stimulus are determined using an analgesymeter (Model 7200, commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy) as described in C. Stein, “Unilateral Iflammation of the Hindpaw in Rats as a Model of Prolonged Noxious Stimulation: Alterations in Behavior and Nociceptive Thresholds,” Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior 31:451-455 (1988). The maximum weight that can be applied to the hind paw is set at 250 g and the end point is taken as complete withdrawal of the paw. PWT is determined once for each rat at each time point and only the affected (ipsilateral) paw is tested.

Response to Thermal Stimuli as an Assessment of Thermal Hvperalgesia: The plantar test can be used to assess thermal hyperalgesia. For this test, hind paw withdrawal latencies to a noxious thermal stimulus are determined using a plantar test apparatus (commercially available from Ugo Basile of Italy) following the technique described by K. Hargreaves et al., “A New and Sensitive Method for Measuring Thermal Nociception in Cutaneous Hyperalgesia,” Pain 32(1):77-88 (1988). The maximum exposure time is set at 32 seconds to avoid tissue damage and any directed paw withdrawal from the heat source is taken as the end point. Three latencies are determined at each time point and averaged. Only the affected (ipsilateral) paw is tested.

Assessment of Tactile Allodynia: To assess tactile allodynia, rats are placed in clear, plexiglass compartments with a wire mesh floor and allowed to habituate for a period of at least 15 minutes. After habituation, a series of von Frey monofilaments are presented to the plantar surface of the left (operated) foot of each rat. The series of von Frey monofilaments consists of six monofilaments of increasing diameter, with the smallest diameter fiber presented first. Five trials are conducted with each filament with each trial separated by approximately 2 minutes. Each presentation lasts for a period of 4-8 seconds or until a nociceptive withdrawal behavior is observed. Flinching, paw withdrawal or licking of the paw are considered nociceptive behavioral responses.

5.11 Example 11 In Vivo Assays for Prevention or Treatment of Anxiety

The elevated plus maze test or the shock-probe burying test can be used to assess the anxiolytic activity of Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds in rats or mice.

The Elevated Plus Maze Test: The elevated plus maze consists of a platform with 4 arms, two open and two closed (50×10×50 cm enclosed with an open roof). Rats (or mice) are placed in the center of the platform, at the crossroad of the 4 arms, facing one of the closed arms. Time spent in the open arms vs the closed arms and number of open arm entries during the testing period are recorded. This test is conducted prior to drug administration and again after drug administration. Test results are expressed as the mean time spent in open arms and the mean number of entries into open arms. Known anxiolytic drugs increase both the time spent in open arms and number of open arm entries. The elevated plus maze test is described in D. Treit, “Animal Models for the Study of Anti-anxiety Agents: A Review,” Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2(2):203-222 (1985).

The Shock-Probe Burying Test: For the shock-probe burying test the testing apparatus consists of a plexiglass box measuring 40×30×40 cm, evenly covered with approximately 5 cm of bedding material (odor absorbent kitty litter) with a small hole in one end through which a shock probe (6.5 cm long and 0.5 cm in diameter) is inserted. The plexiglass shock probe is helically wrapped with two copper wires through which an electric current is administered. The current is set at 2 mA. Rats are habituated to the testing apparatus for 30 min on 4 consecutive days without the shock probe in the box. On test day, rats are placed in one corner of the test chamber following drug administration. The probe is not electrified until the rat touches it with its snout or fore paws, at which point the rat receives a brief 2 mA shock. The 15 min testing period begins once the rat receives its first shock and the probe remains electrified for the remainder of the testing period. The shock elicits burying behavior by the rat. Following the first shock, the duration of time the rat spends spraying bedding material toward or over the probe with its snout or fore paws (burying behavior) is measured as well as the number of contact-induced shocks the rat receives from the probe. Known anxiolytic drugs reduce the amount of burying behavior. In addition, an index of the rat's reactivity to each shock is scored on a 4 point scale. The total time spent immobile during the 15 min testing period is used as an index of general activity. The shock-probe burying test is described in D. Treit, 1985, supra.

5.12 Example 12 In Vivo Assays for Prevention or Treatment of an Addictive Disorder

The conditioned place preference test or drug self-administration test can be used to assess the ability of Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds to attenuate the rewarding properties of known drugs of abuse.

The Conditioned Place Preference Test: The apparatus for the conditioned place preference test consists of two large compartments (45×45×30 cm) made of wood with a plexiglass front wall. These two large compartments are distinctly different. Doors at the back of each large compartment lead to a smaller box (36×18×20 cm) box made of wood, painted grey, with a ceiling of wire mesh. The two large compartments differ in terms of shading (white vs black), level of illumination (the plexiglass door of the white compartment is covered with aluminum foil except for a window of 7×7 cm), texture (the white compartment has a 3 cm thick floor board (40×40 cm) with nine equally spaced 5 cm diameter holes and the black has a wire mesh floor), and olfactory cues (saline in the white compartment and 1 mL of 10% acetic acid in the black compartment). On habituation and testing days, the doors to the small box remain open, giving the rat free access to both large compartments.

The first session that a rat is placed in the apparatus is a habituation session and entrances to the smaller grey compartment remain open giving the rat free access to both large compartments. During habituation, rats generally show no preference for either compartment. Following habituation, rats are given 6 conditioning sessions. Rats are divided into 4 groups: carrier pre-treatment+carrier (control group), Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound pre-treatment+carrier, carrier pre-treatment+morphine, Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound pre-treatment+morphine. During each conditioning session the rat is injected with one of the drug combinations and confined to one compartment for 30 min. On the following day, the rat receives a carrier+carrier treatment and is confined to the other large compartment. Each rat receives three conditioning sessions consisting of 3 drug combination-compartment and 3 carrier-compartment pairings. The order of injections and the drug/compartment pairings are counterbalanced within groups. On the test day, rats are injected prior to testing (30 min to 1 h) with either morphine or carrier and the rat is placed in the apparatus, the doors to the grey compartment remain open and the rat is allowed to explore the entire apparatus for 20 min. The time spent in each compartment is recorded. Known drugs of abuse increase the time spent in the drug-paired compartment during the testing session. If the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound blocks or reduces the acquisition of morphine conditioned place preference (reward), there will be no difference in time spent in each side in rats pre-treated with a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound and the group will not be different from the group of rats that was given carrier+carrier in both compartments. Data will be analyzed as time spent in each compartment (drug combination-paired vs carrier-paired). Generally, the experiment is repeated with a minimum of 3 doses of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound.

The Drug Self-Administration Test: The apparatus for the drug self-administration test is a standard commercially available operant conditioning chamber. Before drug trials begin rats are trained to press a lever for a food reward. After stable lever pressing behavior is acquired, rats are tested for acquisition of lever pressing for drug reward. Rats are implanted with chronically indwelling jugular catheters for i.v. administration of compounds and are allowed to recover for 7 days before training begins. Experimental sessions are conducted daily for 5 days in 3 h sessions. Rats are trained to self-administer a known drug of abuse, such as morphine. Rats are then presented with two levers, an “active” lever and an “inactive” lever. Pressing of the active lever results in drug infusion on a fixed ratio 1 (FR₁) schedule (i.e., one lever press gives an infusion) followed by a 20 second time out period (signaled by illumination of a light above the levers). Pressing of the inactive lever results in infusion of excipient. Training continues until the total number of morphine infusions stabilizes to within ±10% per session. Trained rats are then used to evaluate the effect of Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds pre-treatment on drug self-administration. On test day, rats are pre-treated with a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound or excipient and then are allowed to self-administer drug as usual. If the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound blocks the rewarding effects of morphine, rats pre-treated with the Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound will show a lower rate of responding compared to their previous rate of responding and compared to excipient pre-treated rats. Data is analyzed as the change in number of drug infusions per testing session (number of infusions during test session—number of infusions during training session).

5.13 Example 13 Functional Assay for Characterizing mGluR1 Antagonistic Properties

Functional assays for the characterization of mGluR1 antagonistic properties are known in the art. For example, the following procedure can be used.

A CHO-rat mGluR1 cell line is generated using cDNA encoding rat mGluR1 receptor (M. Masu and S. Nakanishi, Nature 349: 760-765 (1991)). The cDNA encoding rat mGluR1 receptor can be obtained from, e.g., Prof. S. Nakanishi (Kyoto, Japan).

40,000 CHO-rat mGluR1 cells/well are plated into a Costar 3409, black, clear bottom, 96 well, tissue culture treated plate (commercially available from Fisher Scientific of Chicago, Ill.) and are incubated in Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium (DMEM, pH 7.4) supplemented with glutamine, 10% FBS, 1% Pen/Strep, and 500 μg/mL Geneticin for about 12 h. The CHO-rat mGluR1 cells are then washed and treated with Optimem medium (commercially available from Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) and incubated for a time period ranging from 1 to 4 hours prior to loading the cells with the dye Fluo-4. After incubation, the cell plates are washed with loading buffer (127 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2 mM MgCl₂, 700 μM, NaH₂PO₄, 2 mM CaCl₂, 5 mM NaHCO₃, 8 mM HEPES, and 10 mM glucose, pH 7.4) and incubated with 3 μM Fluo-4 in 0.1 mL loading buffer for 90 min. The cells are then washed twice with 0.2 mL loading buffer, resuspended in 0.1 mL of loading buffer, and transferred to a FLIPR for measurement of calcium mobilization flux in the presence of glutamate and in the presence or absence of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound.

To measure calcium mobilization flux, fluoresence is monitored for about 15 s to establish a baseline and DMSO solutions containing various concentrations of a Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound ranging from about 50 μM to about 0.8 nM diluted in loading buffer (0.05 mL of a 4× dilution) are added to the cell plate and fluoresence is monitored for about 2 min. 0.05 mL of a 4× Glutamate solution (agonist) is then added to each well to provide a final glutamate concentration in each well of 10 μM and fluoresence is monitored for about 1 additional min. The final DMSO concentration in the assay is 1%. In each experiment fluoresence is monitored as a function of time and the data is analyzed using a non-linear regression to determine the IC₅₀ value. In each experiment each data point is determined twice.

5.14 Example 14 Binding of Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compounds to VR1

Methods for demonstrating a compound's ability to inhibit VR1 are known to those skilled in the art, for example, those methods disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,239,267 to Duckworth et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 6,406,908 to McIntyre et al.; or U.S. Pat. No. 6,335,180 to Julius et al.

Binding of Compound E1(a) to VR1: Assay Protocol

Human VR1 Cloning: Human spinal cord RNA (commercially available from Clontech, Palo Alto, Calif.) was used. Reverse transcription was conducted on 1.0 μg total RNA using Thermoscript Reverse Transcriptase (commercially available from Invitrogen) and oligo dT primers as detailed in its product description. Reverse transcription reactions were incubated at 55° C. for 1 h, heat-inactivated at 85° C. for 5 min, and RNase H-treated at 37° C. for 20 min.

Human VR1 cDNA sequence was obtained by comparison of the human genomic sequence, prior to annotation, to the published rat sequence. Intron sequences were removed and flanking exonic sequences were joined to generate the hypothetical human cDNA. Primers flanking the coding region of human VR1 were designed as follows: forward primer, AAGATCTTCGCTGGTTGCACACTGGGCCACA; and reverse primer, GAAGATCTTCGGGGACAGTGACGGTTGGATGT.

PCR of VR1 was performed on one tenth of the Reverse transcription reaction mixture using Expand Long Template Polymerase and Expand Buffer 2 in a final volume of 50 μL according to the manufacturer's instructions (Roche Applied Sciences, Indianapolis, Ind.). After denaturation at 94° C. for 2 min PCR amplification was performed for 25 cycles at 94° C. for 15 sec, 58° C. for 30 sec, and 68° C. for 3 min followed by a final incubation at 72° C. for 7 min to complete the amplification. A PCR product of ˜2.8 kb was gel-isolated using a 1.0% agarose, Tris-Acetate gel containing 1.6 μg/mL of crystal violet and purified with a S.N.A.P. UV-Free Gel Purification Kit (commercially available from Invitrogen). The VR1 PCR product was cloned into the pIND/V5-His-TOPO vector (commercially available from Invitrogen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. DNA preparations, restriction enzyme digestions, and preliminary DNA sequencing were performed according to standard protocols. Full-length sequencing confirmed the identity of the human VR1.

Generation of Inducible Cell Lines: Unless noted otherwise, cell culture reagents were purchased from Life Technologies of Rockville, Md. HEK293-EcR cells expressing the ecdysone receptor (commercially available from Invitrogen) were cultured in Growth Medium (Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum (commercially available from HYCLONE, Logan, Utah), 1× penicillin/streptomycin, 1× glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate and 400 μg/mL Zeocin (commercially available from Invitrogen)). The VR1-pIND constructs were transfected into the HEK293-EcR cell line using Fugene transfection reagent (commercially available from Roche Applied Sciences, Basel, Switzerland). After 48 h, cells were transferred to Selection Medium (Growth Medium containing 300 μg/mL G418 (commercially available from Invitrogen)). Approximately 3 weeks later individual Zeocin/G418 resistant colonies were isolated and expanded. To identify functional clones, multiple colonies were plated into 96-well plates and expression was induced for 48 h using Selection Medium supplemented with 5 μM ponasterone A (“PonA”) (commercially available from Invitrogen). On the day of assay, cells were loaded with Fluo-4 (a calcium-sensitive dye that is commercially available from Molecular Probes) and CAP-mediated calcium influx was measured using a FLIPR as described below. Functional clones were re-assayed, expanded, and cryopreserved.

pH-Based Assay: Two days prior to performing this assay, cells were seeded on poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well clear-bottom black plates (commercially available from Becton-Dickinson) at 75,000 cells/well in growth media containing 5 μM PonA to induce expression. On the day of the assay, the plates were washed with 0.2 mL 1× Hank's Balanced Salt Solution (commercially available from Life Technologies) containing 1.6 mM CaCl₂ and 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4 (“wash buffer”), and loaded using 0.1 mL of wash buffer containing Fluo-4 (3 μM final concentration, commercially available from Molecular Probes). After 1 h, the cells were washed twice with 0.2 mL wash buffer and resuspended in 0.05 mL 1× Hank's Balanced Salt Solution containing 3.5 mM CaCl₂ and 10 mM Citrate, pH 7.4 (“assay buffer”). Plates were then transferred to a FLIPR for assay. Compound E1(a) was diluted in assay buffer, and 50 mL of the resultant solution were added to the cell plates and the solution monitored for two minutes. The final concentration of Compound E1(a) ranged from about 50 pM to about 3 μM. Agonist buffer (wash buffer titrated with 1N HCl to provide a solution having a pH of 5.5 when mixed 1:1 with assay buffer) (0.1 mL) was then added to each well, and the plates were incubated for 1 additional min. Data were collected over the entire time course and analyzed using Excel and Graph Pad Prism. Compound E1(a) when assayed according to this protocol had an IC₅₀ of 290.7±67.4 (n=4).

Capsaicin-based Assay: Two days prior to performing this assay, cells were seeded in poly-D-lysine-coated 96-well clear-bottom black plates (50,000 cells/well) in growth media containing 5 μM PonA to induce expression. On the day of the assay, the plates were washed with 0.2 mL 1× Hank's Balanced Salt Solution containing 1 mM CaCl₂ and 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.4, and cells were loaded using 0.1 mL of wash buffer containing Fluo-4 (3 μM final). After one h, the cells were washed twice with 0.2 mL of wash buffer and resuspended in 0.1 mL of wash buffer. The plates were transferred to a FLIPR for assay. 50 μL of Compound E1(a) diluted with assay buffer were added to the cell plates and incubated for 2 min. The final concentration of Compound E1(a) ranged from about 50 pM to about 3 μM. Human VR1 was activated by the addition of 50 μL of capsaicin (400 nM), and the plates were incubated for an additional 3 min. Data were collected over the entire time course and analyzed using Excel and GraphPad Prism. Compound E1(a) when assayed according to this protocol had an IC₅₀ of 92.2±28 (n=3).

The results of the pH-based assay and the capsaicin-based assay demonstrate that Compound E1(a), an illustrative Nitro(cyano)vinylpiperazine Compound, binds to and modulates the activity of human VR1 and accordingly is useful for treating or preventing pain, UI, an ulcer, IBD, or IBS in an animal.

The present invention is not to be limited in scope by the specific embodiments disclosed in the examples which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the invention and any embodiments that are functionally equivalent are within the scope of this invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention in addition to those shown and described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art and are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims.

A number of references have been cited, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. 

1. A compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ar₁ is

R₁ is —H, -halo, —CH₃, —CN, —NO₂, —OCH₃, —NH₂, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo); each R₂ is independently: (a) -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂; (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₃ is independently: (a) -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂; (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; R₄ is —H, —CN, —C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or —C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl); each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo); each R₈ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; m is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; n is an integer ranging from 0 to 3; p is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; q is an integer ranging from 0 to 6; r is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; and s is an integer ranging from 0 to
 4. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₄ is —CN, —C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or —C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl).
 3. The compound of claim 1, wherein R₄ is —H.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein: R₁ is -halo, —CF₃, or —CH₃; n or p is 0; m is 0; and Ar₂ is


5. The compound of claim 4, wherein r is
 0. 6. The compound of claim 4, wherein r is 1 and Ar₂ is substituted at its para-position.
 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein R₈ is a —CF₃ group or a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl group, optionally a tert-butyl group or an iso-propyl group.
 8. The compound of claim 3, wherein: R₁ is -halo, —CF₃, or —CH₃; n or p is 0; m is 1; R₃ is methyl; and Ar₂ is


9. The compound of claim 8, wherein r is
 0. 10. The compound of claim 8, wherein r is 1 and Ar₂ is substituted at its para-position.
 11. The compound of claim 10, wherein R₈ is a —CF₃ group or a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl group, optionally a tert-butyl group or an iso-propyl group.
 12. A compound of formula (II):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein: Ar₁ is

Ar₂ is

R₁ is —H, -halo, —CH₃, —CN, —NO₂, —OCH₃, —NH₂, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo); each R₂ is independently: (a) -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂; (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; each R₃ is independently: (a) -halo, —OH, —NH₂, —CN, or —NO₂; (b) —(C₁-C₁₀)alkyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₁₀)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₁₀)cycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkyl, —(C₈-C₄)tricycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₁₀)cycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)bicycloalkenyl, —(C₈-C₁₄)tricycloalkenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, or -(7- to 10-membered)bicycloheterocycle, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₅ groups; or (c) -phenyl, -naphthyl, —(C₁₄)aryl or -(5- to 10-membered)heteroaryl, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more R₆ groups; R₄ is —H, —CN, —C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or —C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl); each R₅ is independently —CN, —OH, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₆ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each R₇ is independently —H, —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 5-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, or —CH₂(halo); each R₈ is independently —(C₁-C₆)alkyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkenyl, —(C₂-C₆)alkynyl, —(C₃-C₈)cycloalkyl, —(C₅-C₈)cycloalkenyl, -phenyl, -(3- to 7-membered)heterocycle, —C(halo)₃, —CH(halo)₂, —CH₂(halo), —CN, —OH, -halo, —N₃, —NO₂, —N(R₇)₂, —CH═NR₇, —NR₇OH, —OR₇, —COR₇, —C(O)OR₇, —OC(O)R₇, —OC(O)OR₇, —SR₇, —S(O)R₇, or —S(O)₂R₇; each halo is independently —F, —Cl, —Br, or —I; m is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; n is an integer ranging from 0 to 3; p is an integer ranging from 0 to 2; q is an integer ranging from 0 to 6; r is an integer ranging from 0 to 5; and s is an integer ranging from 0 to
 4. 13. The compound of claim 12, wherein R₄ is —CN, —C(O)O(C₁-C₄)alkyl, or —C(O)NH((C₁-C₄)alkyl).
 14. The compound of claim 12, wherein R₄ is —H.
 15. The compound of claim 14, wherein: R₁ is -halo, —CF₃, or —CH₃; n or p is 0; m is 0; and Ar₂ is


16. The compound of claim 15, wherein r is
 0. 17. The compound of claim 15, wherein r is 1 and Ar₂ is substituted at its para-position.
 18. The compound of claim 17, wherein R₈ is a —CF₃ group or a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl group, optionally a tert-butyl group or an iso-propyl group.
 19. The compound of claim 14, wherein: R₁ is -halo, —CF₃, or —CH₃; n or p is 0; m is 1; R₃ is methyl; and Ar₂ is


20. The compound of claim 19, wherein r is
 0. 21. The compound of claim 19, wherein r is 1 and Ar₂ is substituted at its para-position.
 22. The compound of claim 21, wherein R₈ is a —CF₃ group or a —(C₁-C₆)alkyl group, optionally a tert-butyl group or an iso-propyl group.
 23. A composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 24. A composition comprising an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim 12 and a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle.
 25. A method for inhibiting VR1 function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing VR1 with an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim
 1. 26. A method for inhibiting VR1 function in a cell, comprising contacting a cell capable of expressing VR1 with an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim
 12. 27. A method for treating pain, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim
 1. 28. A method for treating pain, comprising administering to an animal in need thereof an effective amount of the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of the compound of claim
 12. 